Chapter 36
=Hodgins, John George= (1821-). Born in Dublin. Came to Canada, 1833.
Educated at Upper Canada Academy, Victoria College, and Toronto University. Appointed to department of education of Upper Canada, 1844; secretary of provincial board of education; 1846; deputy superintendent of education, 1855; deputy minister of education, 1876-1889; librarian and historiographer of the education department since 1889. =Index=: =R= Graduate of Victoria College, 144; Ryerson's right-hand man, 179, 202; his estimate of children attending school in 1845, 189; objections noted to School Act of 1870-1871, 205; his history of separate schools in Upper Canada, 234; on Ryerson's last days, 295-296. =Bib.=: Works: _Doc.u.mentary History of Education in Upper Canada_; _Legislation and History of Separate Schools in Upper Canada_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_.
=Hodgson, Sir Robert= (1798-1880). Born in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island. Educated at Windsor, Nova Scotia, and called to the bar of Nova Scotia and of Prince Edward Island, 1819. Appointed judge of Probate and attorney-general for Prince Edward Island, 1828; president of the Legislative Council, 1840. Appointed chief-justice, 1852, and judge of the Court of Vice-Admiralty, 1853; resigned both offices to accept the lieutenant-governors.h.i.+p of Prince Edward Island, 1874. Held office until 1879. Died in Charlottetown. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Prince Edward Island_.
=Holdernesse, Robert D'Arcy, fourth Earl of= (1718-1778). =WM= Wolfe's letter to, 166. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Holland.= =S= Surveyor-general, Upper Canada, 178.
=Holland.= =Hd= Revolution in places William of Orange at head of affairs, 7. =Bk= British expedition to, under Duke of York, 13-22.
=Holland House.= =Dr= Occupied by Montgomery, 123.
=Holmes, B. E.= One of leaders of the Liberal party in Lower Canada, 50.
=Index=: =BL= At farewell banquet to La Fontaine, 1851, 354.
=Holmes, Charles= (1711-1761). Third in command under Sir Charles Saunders (_q.v._) before Quebec, 1759; commander-in-chief in West Indies, 1760-1761. =Index=: =WM= In command of second British fleet, 75; commands s.h.i.+ps above Quebec, 152; movements of his fleet up and down the river, 160, 163, 171. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Woods, _Logs of the Conquest of Canada_ and _The Fight for Canada_; Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_.
=Holton, Luther Hamilton= (1817-1880). Entered public life, 1854, as one of the members for Montreal; elected to Legislative Council, 1862; resigned, 1863, and returned to the a.s.sembly as member for Chateauguay, which he represented to the time of his death; accepted portfolio of commissioner of public works in the short-lived Brown-Dorion government, 1858; minister of finance in the Macdonald-Dorion administration, 1863-1864. =Index=: =E= Signs Annexation Manifesto, 81; a.s.sociated with _Parti Rouge_, 108; adopts less radical views, 134. =B= Enters George Brown's ministry, 102; Brown's letter to, on Confederation, 131; on English views of Canadian politics, 143; opposed to coalition, 160; opposes Confederation scheme, 185; George Brown takes up question of reciprocity with, 192; Brown urges that he be sent to Was.h.i.+ngton on reciprocity mission, 192; opposed to Brown entering coalition ministry, 199, 200-203; George Brown writes of his determination to leave public life, 245-246. =C= Countenances annexation movement in 1849, 44-45.
=Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Mackenzie, _Hon.
George Brown_; Pope, _Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_; Willison, _Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party_; _Confederation Debates_.
=Holy Family.= =L= Devotion to, encouraged by Laval, 86; commended by Leo XIII, 86.
=Holy Scapulary.= =L= Chapel dedicated to, in church at Quebec, 84.
=Home Rule in Ireland.= =Md= Resolutions on, in Canadian Parliament, 1882, 277.
=Hope, Henry.= Lieutenant-governor of Quebec, 1785-1789. =Index=: =Dr= Lieutenant-governor and administrator, receives Carleton on his arrival at Quebec, 222; death of, 249. =Bib.=: Shortt and Doughty, _Const.i.tutional Doc.u.ments of Canada_.
=Hopkins, Caleb.= =B= A leader of the Clear Grits, 39. =E= One of the leaders of the Clear Grits, 110.
=Hopson, Peregrine Thomas.= Early entered the army and advanced rapidly.
Commander-in-chief of Louisbourg, when the place was restored to the French, 1649. Came to Halifax and appointed a member of the Council.
Governor of Nova Scotia, 1752; went to England, 1753. Raised to the rank of major general, 1757. Commanded an expedition against the French West India Islands, 1758; died before Guadaloupe, 1759. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_; _Selections from the Public Doc.u.ments of Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins.
=Hornwork.= =WM= A strong defence on left bank of St. Charles River, 207; panic among troops crowding into, 207.
=Hospital Nuns.= =WM= Take refuge in the General Hospital, 115.
=Hosta, Captain d'.= =F= Killed at Laprairie, 312.
=Hotel-Dieu Nuns.= =WM= Take refuge in General Hospital, and render a.s.sistance there, 153; return to their convent, 237.
=Houel, Louis, Sieur du Pet.i.t-Pre.= =Ch= Consulted by Champlain as to obtaining missionaries for Canada, 83; a.s.sisted in forming Company of New France, 168; made director, 170.
=House of a.s.sembly.= =Hd= British government prepared to grant, 174; Haldimand not favourable to, as matters stood, 195. =Dr= Of Lower Canada, agitation for, by English residents, 55, 60; opposition to by seigniors, 55; indifference of _habitants_, 55; Carleton's views on, 56; not provided for in Quebec Act, 64; meeting of, 269. =W= In New Brunswick, early character of, 6.
=Houssart.= =L= Devoted servant of Bishop Laval, 251; details furnished by, 251-253.
=How, Edward.= Member of the Council of Nova Scotia, 1744. Took part in the affair at Mines under Colonel n.o.ble, 1747; severely wounded and taken prisoner, but afterwards exchanged. Confidential agent of the government in dealing with the Indians. Treacherously murdered by Indians, it is said, at the instigation of Le Loutre. =Bib.=: _Selections from the Public Doc.u.ments of Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins.
=Howard, Joseph.= =Dr= Accused in connection with Walker affair, 36; tried and acquitted, 38.
=Howard, Lady Maria.= =Dr= Carleton marries, 75; characteristics of, 77.
=Howe, George Augustus, third Viscount= (1724-1758). Came to Halifax, 1757, in command of 60th Regiment. Transferred to command of 55th same year, and promoted brigadier-general. Accompanied Abercromby to Lake George, 1758, and fell July 8, while leading his men in a skirmish at Fort Ticonderoga. _See_ Abercromby; Ticonderoga. =Index=: =Hd= Killed at Ticonderoga, 18, 21. =Bib.=: Smith, _Our Struggle for the Fourteenth Colony_; Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_; Bradley, _Fight for North America_; _Cyc. Am. Biog._; _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Howe, John.= =H= Father of Joseph Howe; a United Empire Loyalist, 1; his son's tribute to his memory, 1-2, 4; his marriages, 2; becomes king's printer and postmaster-general, 3; educates his son, 3; his character, 4; religious views, 279.
=Howe, Joseph= (1804-1873). =H= Born at Halifax, 1804, 1; his father, John Howe, a United Empire Loyalist, 1, 2; his Southampton speech, 1851, 1, 2; his character, 3; his education, 3; a voracious reader, 3; tributes to his father, 2, 4; learns trade of printer, 4; early poems, 5; establishes the _Acadian_, 6; buys _Nova Scotian_, 6; extends its influence, 7; his _Rambles_, 8; his marriage, 8; _The Club_, 9; friends.h.i.+p for Haliburton, 10; political writings, 10,11; develops Liberal principles, 19, 20; attacks Halifax magistrates in his paper, 20; sued for libel, 1835, 21; pleads his own case, 22-25; his address to jury, 25-28; wins case, 28; elected to represent Halifax in Legislature, 1836, 29; his principles of government, 29-31; physical and mental characteristics, 31-33; his moral courage, 33; in Legislature, 1837, 36-44; debate on the resolutions, 41; moves address to crown, praying for responsible government, 45; his speech in Legislature, 1838, 47; advocates const.i.tutional reform, but opposed to rebellion, 50, 51; his patriotic action in Maine boundary dispute,
=B= In Dominion government--relations with Sir John Macdonald, 203. =Sy= Advocates responsible government, 107, 257; approves of Sydenham's propositions, 261; editor of _Nova Scotian_, 110. =T= Goes to England in Intercolonial matter, 55; second mission to England, 57; advocates Confederation, 62, 63; discusses tariff with Tilley, 70, 71; quoted for and against Confederation, 117. =Bib.=: Works: _Speeches and Public Letters of Joseph Howe_, ed. by Chisholm; _Poems and Essays_. For biog., _see_ Fenety, _Life and Times of Joseph Howe_; Bourinot, _Builders of Nova Scotia_; Saunders, _Three Premiers of Nova Scotia_; Dent, _Can.
Por._; Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._
=Howe, William, Viscount= (1729-1814). Brother of George Augustus, Viscount Howe (_q.v._), and Admiral Lord Howe. Commanded light infantry under Wolfe at Quebec, 1759. Succeeded Gage as commander-in-chief in America, 1775. Commanded forces at Bunker Hill. Defeated Was.h.i.+ngton at White Plains, 1776, and at Brandywine, 1777. Recalled, 1778. Became governor of Berwick, and later of Plymouth. =Index=: =Hd= Replaces Gage as commander-in-chief, 110; his estimate of Loyalists, 268. =Dr= Orders reinforcements to Quebec, 92; abandons Boston and occupies New York, 160; his weak conduct of campaign, 160; Germain's neglect to inform him of his plan of campaign, 172. =WM= Calls for volunteers for first landing at Wolfe's Cove, 176; captures posts at Samos and Sillery, 183.
=Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Rhodes, _History of the United States_.
=Howland, Sir William Pearce= (1811-1907). Born at Paulings, New York.
Came to Canada in 1830. Represented West York in the Legislature, 1857-1868. Member of Macdonald-Sicotte ministry, 1862, as minister of finance; receiver-general, 1863-1864; postmaster-general, 1864-1866; minister of finance, 1866-1867. Minister of inland revenue in first Dominion Cabinet, 1867. Appointed lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 1868; retired, 1873; knighted, 1879. =Index=: =Md= Minister of inland revenue in first Dominion Cabinet, 134; defends his political att.i.tude, 137; becomes lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 138; heads syndicate offering to build Canadian Pacific Railway, 237. =B= Presents address to Elgin, 36; his connection with reciprocity negotiations in 1865, 193-196; defends his action in remaining in coalition ministry after Confederation, 202, 209; becomes lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 202. =T= Invited to join first Dominion ministry, 128; minister of inland revenue, 129. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; Morgan, _Can. Men_; Read, _Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada_.
=Howe's Pa.s.s.= _See_ Howse Pa.s.s.
=Howse Pa.s.s.= In Rocky Mountains; source of North Saskatchewan River.
Discovered by Duncan McGillivray, 1800. Named after Joseph Howse, of the North West Company. =Index=: =D= Its discovery, 58.
=Hubert, Jean Francois.= Bishop of Quebec, 1788-1797. =Index=: =Dr= Bishop of Quebec, his views on education, 227, 228; recognizes reasonableness of not permitting priests to be brought from France, 257.
=Hubou, Guillaume.= =Ch= Early settler, remains in Quebec during English occupation, 196, 208.
=Huddy, Captain Joshua.= =Dr= Hanging of, 198.
=Hudson, Henry.= Made four notable voyages: the first, in 1607, for the Muscovy Company, in search of a north-eastern pa.s.sage to China; the second, in 1608, for the same Company, and in search of the same pa.s.sage; the third, in 1609, at the expense of the Dutch East India Company, begun, like the two former, in search of a north-eastern pa.s.sage, but changed to a quest of a north-western pa.s.sage; the fourth, in 1610, in search of a north-western pa.s.sage, the expense borne by three English gentlemen. In his first voyage, explored the coast of Spitzbergen; in the second, part of Nova Zembla; in the third, the Hudson River; and in the last, Hudson Strait and part of the bay.
Wintered, 1610-1611, at the foot of James Bay, and on the return voyage was set adrift with eight companions in a small boat, and never again heard of. =Bib.=: Asher, _Henry Hudson, the Navigator_; Read, _Historical Enquiry concerning Henry Hudson_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_. _See also_ bibliog. list in Asher.
=Hudson Bay.= Explored by Henry Hudson, 1610, and named after him.
Explored by Sir Thomas b.u.t.ton, 1612; Jens Munk, 1619; Foxe and James.
1631. In 1668 the first trading-s.h.i.+p of the Hudson's Bay Company entered the bay, and their first fort was built at the mouth of Rupert River.
=Index=: =F= English claim to, disputed by France, 204; La Barre instructed to check English encroachments in, 205; expedition under De Troyes captures English forts, 205; Iberville's exploits in, 342-350; English possessions in, restored by peace of Ryswick, 349. =L= Expedition against English forts in, 204; later exploits of Iberville in, 233. =Bib.=: Asher, _Henry Hudson, the Navigator_; Gosch, _Expedition of Jens Munk_; Christy, _Voyages of Foxe and James_; Coats, _Geography of Hudson's Bay_; Robson, _Account of Six Years' Residence in Hudson's Bay_; Dobbs, _Account of Countries Adjoining Hudson's Bay_; Gordon, _Report on Hudson's Bay Expedition_; Wakeham, _Second Hudson Bay Expedition_; Low, _Expedition to Hudson Bay_; Berrier, _Report on Expedition to Arctic Islands_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_. _See also_ General Indexes to Reports of Geol. Survey; Henry Hudson; Hudson's Bay Company.
=Hudson's Bay Company.= Organized by a number of English gentlemen, who sent out a trading expedition to Hudson Bay, in the _Nonsuch_, in 1668.
This initial venture proved so successful that two other s.h.i.+ps were sent out in 1670; and the same year King Charles granted a charter incorporating them as "The Governor and Company of Adventurers of England trading into Hudson's Bay." For many years the operations of the Company were confined to the sh.o.r.es of Hudson Bay, but the pressure of compet.i.tion eventually forced them inland, and at the height of their power they had established trading-posts from Labrador to the Pacific, and from California almost to the Arctic. In 1821, the rival North West Company (_q.v._) was absorbed; and in 1869 the company surrendered to Canada its territorial rights in British North America. =Index=: =F= 203; trading done and posts established by, 204; redress claimed by, for losses inflicted by the French, 343. =Dr= Its territory not included in Canada, 7. =B= Deputation of Red River settlers sent to England to complain of misgovernment by, 212; Gladstone admits charter of Company not valid, 212; _Globe_ on company's misgovernment of North-West Territories, 213-214; attacked in series of letters in the _Globe_, signed "Huron," 215-216; Toronto Board of Trade on, 216; George Brown on, 219; Canada takes over North-West Territories, and compensates Company therefor, 220-221. =MS= Early policy of, 1; att.i.tude of natives to, 2; opposition of Montreal traders (afterwards North West Company), 2, 3; sends Hearne inland, 3; averse to conflict with North West Company, 5; builds posts in a.s.siniboine and Red River country, 5, 6; absorbs North West Company, 8; policy towards natives, 51; sends George Clarke to explore, 56; his incompetence, 56; then sends Philip Turner, 1791, 56; legal basis of its t.i.tle, 143-145; Selkirk purchases tract of land in Red River valley, 146; Parliamentary Report of 1857, 212; union of the Companies, 213-214; takes over management of Selkirk colony, 222; establishes Council of a.s.siniboia, 223; notable leaders after the union of the Companies, 220-223; its influence on side of government, in Rebellion of 1837, 242; its license to trade renewed, 271; the Report of 1857, 271; opposition to further renewal, 271; evidence taken by committee, 272-278; committee's report, 279; defended by Sir George Simpson before Parliamentary committee, 272-278. =D= Influence upon development of Pacific coast, 4; operations typical of British colonial policy, 11; established in the interior, 12; conserves British interests in Western America, 17, 18; charged with neglecting to search for route to Pacific, 51; absorbs North West Company, 1821, 73, 93; birth of, 73; provisions of its charter, 73-74; its trade and explorations, 74; its organization, 75-76; its Western department, 76-77; trade routes, 77-78; its farms on Puget Sound, etc., 78; grist mills and other enterprises, 78; supplies Russians with flour, etc., 78; opens coal mines on Vancouver Island, 78; influence of these industries on settlement, 79; treatment of Indians, 79-81; trading-posts, 82; brigades and "York boats," 82; famous officers of, 83-86; ambitious designs on Pacific coast and beyond, 114; attempt to establish post on Stikine River, 119-120; permission obtained from Russians to build post on Taku River, 121; operations on Liard and Yukon, 123-125; invades California before 1830, 126; builds post at junction of Sacramento and Jesus Maria rivers, 126; establishes post on San Francis...o...b..y, 127; sells post and retires from San Francis...o...b..y, 127; meets compet.i.tion of American traders and companies, 134-136; att.i.tude towards Oregon settlers, 143-144; license to trade of 1821 renewed in 1838, 191; its provisions, 192; acquires Vancouver Island, 194; att.i.tude towards settlement there, 194-195; quarrels with settlers, 198-199; Report of Committee, 1857, 201-202; license to trade in British Columbia revoked, 1858, 229; relations towards British Columbia government, 1858, 233-234; Douglas's relation towards, 263; defends its policy, 264-265; officers of Company at Victoria, 265; influence with natives, 266-267; builds first Protestant church at Victoria, 1855, 269. =C= Cartier and MacDougall sent to England by Canadian government in 1869 to negotiate purchase of Company's territories in North-West, 68; Company asks exorbitant price, 68; persuaded by Lord Grey to accept 300,000, 68. =Bk= Its voyageurs a.s.sist in capture of Michilimackinac, 210. =Md= Its claims investigated, 83; terms upon which it agreed to transfer to the crown its rights to North-West Territories, 156; protest against unauthorized proceedings in Red River Settlement, 157. _See_ North-West Company; X Y Company; Fur Trade; Selkirk. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Willson, _Great Company_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_; Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_; Bryce, _Romantic History of Lord Selkirk's Colonists_; Ross, _Red River Settlement_; Hargrave, _Red River_; Begg, _History of the North-West_.
=Huet, Paul.= =Ch= Recollet missionary, 87; sails for Canada as a.s.sistant commissary, 112; accompanies Champlain to France, 116; returns to Canada, 116; goes to Three Rivers, 149.
=Huguenots.= =Ch= Had larger share of trade, 110; proposal to exclude, 110; disagreements with Recollet missionaries, 150; their psalm-singing on board s.h.i.+p objected to, 156; fanaticism of, 224; their doubtful loyalty, 254; not permitted to settle in Canada, 255.
=Hugues.= =L= Priest, comes to Canada, 41.
=Hull, William= (1753-1825). Born in Derby, Conn. Educated at Yale University, and called to the bar, 1775. Served with distinction during the Revolutionary War; major-general of militia in Ma.s.sachusetts and a member of the federal Senate; appointed governor of Michigan, 1805; commander of the north-western army of the United States, 1812.