Chapter 9
Came to Canada, 1625; spent the winter of 1625-1626 among the Algonquins. In the latter year, after a long and difficult journey by way of the Ottawa and Lake Nip.i.s.sing, reached the villages of the Hurons, on Georgian Bay, where he established the first mission.
Returned to Quebec in 1629, and in 1634 re-established the Huron mission. In 1640 made an unsuccessful attempt to establish a mission among the intractable Neutral Nation, north of Lake Erie. Returned to the Huron mission, where, in 1649, he was captured by the Iroquois, and burned at the stake with unmentionable cruelties. His skull is preserved in the Hotel-Dieu at Quebec. =Index=: =Ch= Sails for New France on De Caen's vessel, 152; returns to College of Rouen, 207; returns to Canada, 228; goes to Huron country, 249. =L= Sufferings and death of, 5, 62.
=Bib.=: Parkman, _Jesuits in North America_; Ragueneau, _Relation des Hurons_, 1649; Colby, _Canadian Types of the Old Regime_.
=Breda, Treaty of.= Signed between England and France, 1667. Brought to a close the disastrous war with the Dutch. By its terms Nova Scotia was handed over to France. =Bib.=: Hertslet, _Treaties and Conventions_.
=Bresolles, Sister de.= =L= Her labours in the hospital at Montreal, 91.
=Bretonvilliers, De.= =L= Sulpician, makes liberal contribution towards erection of church at Montreal, 88; foundation stone laid on his behalf by M. Dollier de Ca.s.son, 89; devotes his fortune to religious work at Montreal, 135; succeeds M. Olier as superior of seminary in France, 162.
=Briand, Jean Olivier= (1715-1794). Born in France. Ordained priest, 1739; came to Canada, 1741; canon of Quebec Cathedral until 1760. In 1766 appointed bishop of Quebec, and resigned, 1784. Rebuilt the cathedral and palace, destroyed during the siege of Quebec, 1759.
=Index=: =L= Bishop of Quebec, 12. =Dr= Appointed Roman Catholic bishop of Quebec, 23.
=Bride.= =Ch= English vessel seized by French, 221.
=Bright, John= (1811-1889). British statesman and orator. =Index=: =T= Friendly to Anti-Confederation party, 123. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=British American League.= =Md= Formed in 1849 in Montreal as a reply to the Annexation Manifesto--branches followed throughout the country, 40; its objects, 40-41; largely due to John A. Macdonald's inspiration, 95; Confederation one of its main objects, 95; commercial national policy another, 219. =H= Howe's correspondence with the president, George Moffatt, 113-115. =B= Formed in Upper Canada--convention held at Kingston, 1849, 37; its policy, 38; part of Conservative case for Confederation, 38. =Bib.=: Pope, _Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_.
=British Chronicle.= Newspaper published in New York. =Index=: =B= Established by Peter and George Brown, 4; its objects, 4.
=British Columbia.= Area 372,630 square miles. Vancouver Island became a crown colony in 1849; ten years later the mainland was organized as a separate colony; in 1866 island and mainland became one; and in 1871 the colony became a province of the Dominion of Canada. =Index=: =D= Organic existence since 1859, or including Vancouver Island, since 1849, 1; origin of name, 57; gold-fields, 22; created separate colony, 1858, 229; early government of, 231-235; revenue, 232; roads, etc., 232, 237-238, 249-253; relations with the Hudson's Bay Company, 233; character of early population, 241-243; formal establishment of colony at Fort Langley, 1858, 245-246; Hill's Bar affair, 248-249; plans for transcontinental road, 253-254; population in 1859, 256; agriculture, 256-257; financial problems, 258-262; dissatisfaction with dual governors.h.i.+p, 289; popular grievances, 290-291; views of Douglas, 291-293; Legislative Council, 294-297; union of British Columbia and Vancouver Island, 297-300, 308; British Columbia Legislature meets for first time in Victoria, Dec. 17, 1867, 311; entry into Dominion, 311-316; terms of union, 313-315; first Legislative a.s.sembly after the union, 315; transcontinental railway, 317-328; population, 1900,328; agriculture, 329-330; fisheries, 330-331; lumber, 332-333; minerals, 333-334; industrial problems, 335; oriental labour, 336-337; education, 338-340. =Md= Opposition to entry into Confederation, 149; difficulties removed, 149; terms of union, 149-150; union completed, July 20, 1871, 150; difficulties over building of Canadian Pacific Railway drive province to verge of secession, 215, 233-234. =Bib.=: Begg, _History of British Columbia_; Bancroft, _History of British Columbia_; Macdonald, _British Columbia and Vancouver's Island_; Macfie, _Vancouver Island and British Columbia_; Morice, _The History of the Northern Interior of British Columbia_; Herring, _Among the People of British Columbia_; Fitzgerald, _The Hudson's Bay Company and Vancouver Island_; Mayne, _Four Years in British Columbia_; Baillie-Grohman, _Sport and Life in Western America and British Columbia_; Metin, _La Colombie Britannique; Indians of British Columbia_ (R. S. C., 1888); Langevin, _Report on British Columbia_.
=British Law.= =Sy= Attempts to introduce after pa.s.sage of Quebec Act, 65. =S= Introduced into Upper Canada, 85.
=British Legion.= =Dr= Loyalists commanded by Tarleton, 202.
=British Newspapers.= =Hd= Sympathy with rebels expressed in, 190. _See also_ Newspapers.
=British North America Act.= The const.i.tution of the Dominion; the Act by which the scattered colonies of British North America were united in one Confederation. Drafted at the Quebec Conference, 1864; discussed and pa.s.sed in the form of resolutions, in the Legislature of Canada, 1865; put in final shape at the Westminster Conference, 1866; pa.s.sed by the Imperial Parliament, and proclaimed, 1867. The essential feature of this Act, and that which distinguishes it most clearly from the Const.i.tution of the United States, is the provision that all matters not specifically a.s.signed to the provinces belong to the Dominion, the reverse being the case under the United States Const.i.tution. Broadly speaking, the Act gives the Dominion exclusive jurisdiction over the regulation of trade and commerce, the postal service, customs and inland revenue, military and naval service, navigation and s.h.i.+pping, currency and coinage, banking, weights and measures, patents and copyrights, naturalization, Indians. To the provinces it gives exclusive jurisdiction over direct taxation, management and sale of public lands, timber, provincial prisons, hospitals, asylums, etc., munic.i.p.al inst.i.tutions, administration of justice, education. =Index=: =Md= Conference in London--Macdonald's letter to Tilley, 125-126; the sixty-nine resolutions pa.s.sed, 126; draft bill drawn up--completed bill submitted to House, and received royal a.s.sent, March 29, 1867, 127; royal proclamation fixes July 1 as date upon which it should come into force, 127; opposition develops in Maritime Provinces, 129; provides for Intercolonial Railway, 151; and acquisition of North-West Territories, 156; question of legislative union, 245; federal system introduced by, 250; provincial rights under, 253; the franchise, 258. =C= Delegation sent to London to see it through Parliament, 67; proposal to amend it in the interests of the New Brunswick Roman Catholics, 77, 82; strained relations of Macdonald and Cartier over terms of, 102-103. =H= Pa.s.sed by Imperial Parliament, 192; opposed by Joseph Howe, 192; its repeal sought by Nova Scotia Anti-Confederates, 204. =T= Quietly received in New Brunswick, 127. =Bib.=: Bourinot, _Const.i.tution of Canada_; Houston, _Const.i.tutional Doc.u.ments_; Doutre, _Const.i.tution of Canada_; Munro, _Const.i.tution of Canada_; Ashley, _Const.i.tutional History of Canada_; Gooch, _Manual of the Const.i.tution of Canada_; Howland, _The New Empire; Confederation Debates_, 1865; Pope, _Confederation Doc.u.ments_.
=Brock, Daniel De Lisle.= =Bk= Brother of Sir Isaac, becomes chief magistrate of Guernsey, 70.
=Brock, Elizabeth.= =Bk= Sister of Sir Isaac, 71.
=Brock, Ferdinand.= =Bk= Brother of Sir Isaac, served in Royal Americans, 6; death of, 7, 70.
=Brock, Harriet.= =Bk= Married to Sir Thomas Saumarez, 124.
=Brock, Sir Hugh.= =Bk= Supposed ancestor of General Brock, 5.
=Brock, Irving.= =Bk= Brother of Sir Isaac, 102; an able pamphleteer, 132, 140; estrangement between, and his brother William in connection with latter's failure, 163; reconciliation, 297.
=Brock, Sir Isaac= (1769-1812). =Bk= Birth and descent, 6; enters army at age of fifteen, 7; joins 49th Regiment with rank of captain, and is sent
=BL= Sydenham ranked with, 112. =Bib.=: Tupper, _Life and Correspondence of Sir Isaac Brock_; Read, _Life of Brock_; Nursey, _Isaac Brock_; Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_; Dent, _Can. Por._ _See also_ War of 1812.
=Brock, John.= =Bk= Brother of Sir Isaac Brock, 15; killed in a duel, 70.
=Brock, John.= =Bk= Father of Sir Isaac Brock, 6.
=Brock, Mary.= =Bk= Sister of Sir Isaac Brock, 71.
=Brock, Savery.= =Bk= Younger brother of Brock, 15; gallant conduct of at Egmont-op-Zee, 17-19; his resemblance to his brother Isaac, 18; with Sir John Moore in Spain, 123; affected by his brother William's failure, 161, 166.
=Brock, William.= =Bk= Brother of Sir Isaac, a London merchant, 70; disastrous failure of, 161-164; his letter to his brother Isaac, 165.
=Brock, William.= =Bk= Grandfather of Sir Isaac Brock, 5.
=Brock's Battery.= =Bk= Name at first given to king's battery in Quebec citadel, 94.
=Brockville.= Chief town of Leeds County, Ontario, on left bank of St.
Lawrence. Formerly known as Elizabethtown. Raided by a detachment of troops from Ogdensburg in 1813. The town a.s.sumed its present name shortly after the death of Brock. =Index=: =BL= Early munic.i.p.al government of, 298.
=Broglie, Achille Charles Leonce Victor, Duc de= (1785-1870). Foreign secretary under Louis-Philippe, 1832-1834, and prime minister, 1835-1836. Lived in retirement after, 1851. =Index=: =Sy= Poulett Thomson (Sydenham) meets in Paris, 20. =Bib.=: _ecrits et Discours_; _Souvenirs_.
=Brooke, Frances.= =Hd= Her novel of Canadian life, 222. =Bib.=: _History of Emily Montague_, London, 1777.
=Brouage.= =Ch= In Saintonge, birthplace of Champlain, 1.
=Brougham, Henry Peter, Baron= (1778-1868). Born in Scotland. Educated at Edinburgh University. Secretary to Lord Rosslyn and Lord St. Vincent on a mission to Portugal. In 1810 entered Parliament; in 1830 received the great seal and elevated to the peerage. In 1828 founded London University, and in 1860 elected chancellor of Edinburgh University.
=Index=: =S= Secretary to the Portugal Commission, 220. =W= His sarcastic reference to Glenelg, 42. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Broughton, William Robert= (1762-1821). Born in England. Entered the navy, 1774, and served on the American station until 1778. In 1790 explored and surveyed the Columbia River; and in 1794 surveyed the north-west coast of America. Served in Lord Gambier's expedition, 1809; at Mauritius, 1810, and at Java, 1811. =Index=: =D= Sails a hundred miles up the Columbia, 24; surveys coast northwards of Cape Mendocino, 34. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Brouillan, De.= Born in France. Governor of Placentia, Newfoundland, 1690. Made a chevalier of St. Louis, 1698. In 1701 commandant in Acadia, and governor of that colony, 1702-1705. Died the latter year. =Index=: =F= French governor of Placentia, Newfoundland, 346. =Bib.=: Charlevoix, _History of New France_.
=Brouse, W. H.= =R= Graduate of Victoria College, 144.
=Brown, George= (1818-1880). =B= His place as a Maker of Canada, ix; complains that Upper Canada is inadequately represented and dominated by Lower Canada, ix; an ardent advocate of Confederation, x; relations with John A. Macdonald, x; and with Roman Catholic Church, x; his birth and parentage, 1; character, 1; lifelong opposition to slavery, xi, 1-2; views on Presbyterian Church government, 2; emigrates to America, 2; establishes the _British Chronicle_ at New York, with his father, 4; comes to Canada, 1843, 4, 5; described by Samuel Thompson, 4-5; establishes the _Banner_ at Toronto with his father, 5-6; character of the _Banner_, 5-7; begins fight for responsible government, 9-10; establishes the _Globe_, 1844, 20; its objects, 20-21; speech before Toronto Reform a.s.sociation, 1844, 21-22; refuses to drink toast to Metcalfe, 27-28; presents address to Elgin, 36; his quarrel with the Clear Grits, 40; defeated in Haldimand by W. L. Mackenzie, 40; defines political situation in 1850, 42-43; his reply to Cardinal Wiseman's pastoral letter, 44-45; his political principles, 46-47; takes issue with Hincks's government, 48-49; advocates secularization of Clergy Reserves, 55-57; runs for Kent--his platform, 61; advocates free schools, 62; views on higher education, 62-64; his election for Kent, 64; arouses French-Canadian hostility, 65; attacks Hincks-Morin government, 66-67; increasing power in the Legislature, 69; prodigious industry and capacity for work, 69; att.i.tude towards Lower Canada and Roman Catholic inst.i.tutions, 70; advocates representation by population, 71; becomes the mouthpiece of Nonconformist sentiment in Upper Canada, 71; tribute of the Cobourg _Star_, 72-73; pen-picture by James Young, 73-74; growth of the _Globe_--its declaration of principles, 74-75; in favour of prohibition, 75,76; defeats Malcolm Cameron in Lambton, 77; the alliance with the _Rouges_, 78-79; his friends.h.i.+p with Dorion, 80-81; presses for representation by population, 84; attacked by Macdonald, 87-91; his interest in prison reform, 91-93; personal charges disproved, 93-97; elected for Toronto, 1857, 99; carries a motion disapproving of selection of Ottawa as capital, 100; government defeated and he forms administration, 101-102; relations with Sir Edmund Head, 103-104; defeated on question of dissolution, 106; the "Double Shuffle,"
106-108; his fight against negro slavery, 112-119; relations with Roman Catholics, 121-128; opposes denominational schools, 121-123; and clerical control, 123-128; views on Confederation, 130-132; 137-138; his temporary retirement from public life, 139, 141; defeated in East Toronto, 141; opposes "double majority," 143; sails for England, 1862; interview with Duke of Newcastle, 143; marries Anne Nelson, 144; reception in Toronto on his return, 144; a.s.sails Separate School Bill in the _Globe_, 145; accepts Act of 1863 as a final settlement, 145, 146; his letters on the political crisis, 1864, 150; proposes a federation system of government either for Canada alone, or for all the British North American provinces, 150; the negotiations looking towards Confederation, 151-161; opposes an elective Senate, 164-165; well satisfied with the results of the Quebec Conference, 165-166; convert to Intercolonial Railway scheme, 166; explains the new const.i.tution in Toronto, 166-167; writes Macdonald from England on favourable reception of the Confederation scheme, and deplores almost universal sentiment in England in favour of Canadian independence, 167; his speech in Parliament on Confederation, 171-175; writes of need of haste in putting through Confederation, 182; opposes submission of Confederation scheme to the people, 185; Macdonald's negotiations with, as to formation of new administration, 189-191; accepts Belleau as premier, 191; his interest in reciprocity, 192; differences with his colleagues on reciprocity terms lead to his resignation from Cabinet, 193-197; his connection with Confederation, 199-209; Holton's appeal to, 201; his interest in the North-West Territories and their acquisition by Canada, 211-221; his connection with the Reciprocity Treaty of 1874, 223-233; attacks protectionist budget, 233; hostile to Canada First party, 237-238, 239, 241; his family relations, 243-244; death of his wife, May 6, 1906, 244; his children, 244; writes Holton as to his retirement from public life, 245-246; defines his att.i.tude as a journalist, 246-247; relations with Liberal leaders after his retirement, 247-248; farming on his Bow Park estate near Brantford, 248; appointment to the Senate, December, 1873, 248; the Simpson libel suit, 249-250; attacks Judge Wilson in the _Globe_, 250-252; sued for contempt of court, 252; his defence, 253; shot by George Bennett, 255-256; his death, May 10, 1880, 258; estimate of his character and public life, 258-265; as a journalist, 265. =C= Cauchon's antagonism, 24; relations with Quebec Liberals, 28; his policy of representation by population, 28; fights for Protestant and English supremacy, 28; Cartier takes strong stand against his aggressiveness, 68; comes into power with the Reformers, 99. =E= Arrives in Canada and enters journalism, 111; attacks French-Canadians, 112, 113-114, 137, 225; becomes leader of the Clear Grits, 112; enters Parliament, 113; his influence there, 114; urges representation by population, 117-118; attacks Hincks, 125, 140; distrusted by Liberals, 138; his warm support of Confederation, 225. =R= Opposes Sir Charles Metcalfe, 126; opposes separate schools, 224, 225-226; conflict with Ryerson over separate schools, 233. =BL= His speech before Reform a.s.sociation, Toronto, 1844, 223-224, 225; establishes _Globe_, March 5, 1844, 223-224; his relations to the Reformers and the Clear Grits, 224, 342; attacks Roman Catholicism, 343. =T= Makes overtures to government, looking towards Confederation. 69; at Charlottetown Conference, 74, 75; delegate to Quebec Conference, 76; opposes coalition government, 128.
=Mc= Defeated by W. L. Mackenzie, 486; relations with Mackenzie, 487; Haldimand election, 488; Alexander Mackenzie's good offices, 496. =Md= Macdonald's great antagonist in Canadian public life, 51; pre-eminent as a reformer, 52; comes to Canada from Scotland in 1844, 52; founds the _Globe_, 52; his character, 52-53; contrasted with Macdonald, 53-54; first opposes Clear Grits, then becomes their leader, 54; attacks racial and religious ideals of Quebec, 54-55; question of Clergy Reserves, 55; his solution of representation by population, 71-72; opposes proposal for elective Legislative Council, 75; his quarrel with Macdonald, 80-81; opposes separate school system, 82; forms ministry with Dorion--the "Short administration," 85; its defeat, 86; his influence declining, 89; opposes Sandfield-Macdonald-Sicotte ministry, 89; they join forces, 89; proposes coalition to further Confederation, 92-93; enters Tache ministry, 102; quarrel with Macdonald patched up, for the time, 102; delegate to England in regard to Confederation, defence, reciprocity, etc., 120-121; his entrance into coalition ministry largely due to Lord Monck, 121; resigns from Cabinet, 123; supports Confederation, but resumes old hostility to Macdonald, 123; attempts to break up coalition, 136-137; appointed to Senate by Mackenzie, 138. =Bib.=: Taylor, _Brit.
Am._; Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Mackenzie, _Life and Speeches of the Hon. George Brown_.
=Brown, George Mackenzie= (1869-). Son of George Brown. Born in Canada.
Educated at Upper Canada College, Toronto, Merchiston Castle School, Edinburgh, and at Cambridge. Moved to Edinburgh, Scotland, and in 1900 elected to the British House of Commons for Central Edinburgh. Managing trustee of Thomas Nelson & Sons, Edinburgh. =Index=: =B= Only son of George Brown, a member of the publis.h.i.+ng firm of Thomas Nelson & Sons, 244. =Bib.=: _Who's Who_, 1910.
=Brown, Henry.= =WM= Lieutenant of Grenadiers, helps to carry Wolfe off the field, 200. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_.
=Brown, James.= =W= Represents Charlotte County in New Brunswick a.s.sembly, brings in bill for teachers' training school, 88. =T= Surveyor-general in Fisher ministry, 32, 33, 43. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_.
=Brown, John Gordon= (1827-1896). Brother of George Brown. Born in Scotland. Educated in Edinburgh and New York. In 1844 engaged on the Toronto _Globe_; in 1851 editor, and in 1880 managing director. In 1882 retired from the _Globe_; appointed registrar of the Surrogate Court of Toronto, 1883. =Index=: =B= Consulted by George Brown on political situation, 143; George Brown's brother, 243; enters _Globe_ office--his connection with the newspaper, 244, 245; E.W. Thomson's estimate of, 245; his death, June 9, 1896, 245. =Bib.=: Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._
=Brown, John Storrow.= =P= With Papineau at St. Charles meeting, 1837, 125; preaches rebellion, 126; heads the _Patriotes_ at St. Charles, 128, 133; charged with cowardice, 133; his letter to Dr. Nelson, 133. =Bib.=: Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.
=Brown, Peter= (1784-1863). Born in Scotland. Emigrated to New York in 1838; was owner and editor of the _British Chronicle_. Removed to Toronto, 1843, and founded the _Banner_, a Free-Church Presbyterian organ. In 1844 with his son, George Brown, established the Toronto _Globe_, and contributed to it for some years. =Index=: =B= Father of George Brown, 1; his hatred of slavery, 1; emigration to America, 1838, 2; contributes to _Albion_, 2; publishes _The Fame and Glory of England Vindicated_, 2; establishes the _British Chronicle_, New York, 4; removes to Toronto, and with his son establishes the _Banner_, 5; on committee of Anti-Slavery Society, 113; his work on the _Globe_, 243-244; his death, 1863, 244. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Dent, _Can.
Por._
=Brown's Point.= =Bk= On Niagara River, battery at, 299, 301.
=Bruey.= =F= Agent of Governor Perrot at Montreal, 97.