Chapter 12
=Canada Trade Act.= Pa.s.sed by Imperial Parliament in 1822, with the object of correcting the injustice to Upper Canada in the apportionment of duties collected. The Quebec Legislature had refused to re-enact the old Acts apportioning a share of duties to Upper Canada, and these Acts were now made permanent. Lower Canada was debarred from imposing new duties on imports by sea without the consent of Upper Canada and the approval of the Imperial Parliament. =Bib.=: Kingsford, _History of Canada_.
=Canadian Alliance Society.= =Mc= Founded, December, 1834, 258; its objects, 258. =BL= Founded at York, 16; its political programme, 16.
=Canadian Contingents in the Boer War= (1899-1902). Consisted of the Royal Canadian Infantry, Canadian Mounted Rifles, Royal Canadian Artillery, and Strathcona's Horse. The first contingent, which sailed for South Africa from Quebec, Oct. 30, 1899, numbered 1141. The second contingent, which sailed from Halifax in January and February, 1900, mustered 1320. These two contingents comprised the official Canadian contribution to the British forces in the war, but Lord Strathcona also raised a contingent at his own expense. This contingent, known as Strathcona's Horse, sailed from Halifax in March, 1900, the force numbering 540 officers and men, and 599 horses. Over 3000 Canadians therefore took part in the war against the Boers. Throughout the operations in South Africa, the Canadians signally distinguished themselves, particularly at the battle of Paardeberg on Feb. 27, 1900, when with the Gordon Highlanders and the Shrops.h.i.+res they led the final attack on Cronje's position. =Bib.=: Evans, _The Canadian Contingents_; Marquis, _Canada's Sons on Kopje and Veldt_; Doyle, _The Great Boer War_.
=Canadian Freeman.= =Mc= Newspaper, published by Collins, in 1825, 111.
=Canadian Inst.i.tute.= Founded at Toronto, June 20, 1849, by Sandford Fleming, and Kivas Tully, with several other surveyors, civil engineers, and architects practising in and about Toronto. A royal charter was granted Nov. 4, 1851, in which the objects of the society are declared to be "the encouragement and general advancement of the physical sciences, the arts and the manufactures," etc. Among the early presidents were Sir W. E. Logan, Sir Henry Lefroy, Sir John Beverley Robinson, George W. Allan, W. H. Draper, Sir Daniel Wilson, and Sir Oliver Mowat. The publications of the Inst.i.tute began with the _Canadian Journal_, 1852, and have been continued, as _Proceedings, Transactions_, etc., to the present time. =Bib.=: _The Canadian Journal_, 1852-1878; _Proceedings_, 1879-1890; _Transactions_, 1890-. A semi-centennial memorial volume, published 1899, contains _Early Days of the Canadian Inst.i.tute_ by Sir Sandford Fleming.
=Canadian Magazines.= Among the earliest magazines published in what is now Canada were the _Nova Scotia Magazine_, Halifax, 1789; the _Quebec Magazine_, Quebec, 1791-1793; _L'Abeille Canadienne_, Quebec, 1818-1819; the _Canadian Review_, 1824-1826; the _Bibliotheque Canadienne_, Montreal, 1825; _Literary Garland_, Montreal, 1838; _Acadian Magazine_, Halifax, 1826; and the _Revue Canadienne_, 1845. There have been several periodicals bearing the name of _Canadian Magazine_, the earliest published at Montreal in 1823; a second published at Toronto in 1833; another at Toronto, 1871; and the present periodical of the same name, which dates from 1893. Of the earlier magazines, the _Literary Garland_ and the _Revue Canadienne_ alone lived for any considerable time, the former having been published for over thirteen years, and the latter still survives. =Bib.=: Hopkins, _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 5.
=Canadian Northern Railway.= The first link in this transcontinental railway dates back to 1896, when construction was commenced on the line from Gladstone towards Lake Winnipegosis. Since then the system has been extended east and west, and within a few years will reach from the Atlantic to the Pacific, with numerous branches. =Bib.=: _Historical Sketch of the Canadian Northern Railway_ in _Canadian Annual Review_, 1906.
=Canadian Pacific Railway.= The contract for construction of the railway was signed Oct. 21, 1880, the surveys having already been carried out under the direction of Sandford Fleming. Work was begun on the railway in May, 1881, and the last spike driven by Sir Donald A. Smith (now Lord Strathcona), Nov. 7, 1885. A summary of the evolution of the project will be found in Johnson's _First Things in Canada_. =Index=: =Md= Compact with British Columbia for its construction, 150; the Pacific Scandal, 200-211; difficulties of construction, 232; terms of agreement, 233; Mackenzie government adopts policy of government owners.h.i.+p, 233; Macdonald, on his return to power, reverts to original scheme, 234; contract signed September, 1880, and railway completed in five years, 234; Mackenzie's views as to time needed for completion, 234-235; Blake attacks railway policy, 235; _Globe_ criticizes, and British financiers pessimistic, 235; directors of the syndicate, 236; terms of contract, 236; Howland syndicate, 237; financial difficulties, 237; last spike driven at Craigellachie, Nov. 7, 1885, 238; problems of operation, 238; what the great enterprise means to Canada, 238-239; its military value, 239; conflict with Manitoba as to its monopoly of transportation, 284-285; its effect on Macdonald government, 301. =C= First charter engineered by Cartier, 51; the railway the crowning work of Confederation, 51; its eastern terminus, 52; the Allan Company and the MacPherson Syndicate, 53; the
=Canadian Sharpshooters.= =WM= In battle of Ste. Foy, 259, 263.
=Canadien.= =Bk= Newspaper founded in 1806, appealed to race prejudices, 92; claimed unconst.i.tutional power for Legislative a.s.sembly, 92, 93; on the rights of Parliament, 116; seized and temporarily suppressed by Governor Craig, 127; seizure not approved by British authorities, 147.
=Bib.=: Dionne, _Pierre Bedard et Son Temps_ (R. S. C., 1898).
=Ca.n.a.ls.= The earliest ca.n.a.l in Canada and in North America was that at Lachine, which dates back to the beginning of the eighteenth century.
Between 1779 and 1783, lock ca.n.a.ls were built by the Royal Engineers, at the Coteau and the Cascades, on the St. Lawrence. In 1798 a boat ca.n.a.l was built at Sault Ste. Marie by the North West Company. A ca.n.a.l to connect the St. Lawrence and Lake Champlain was advocated as early as 1775, by Silas Deane of Connecticut, but was not actually undertaken until 1831. The Welland Ca.n.a.l was commenced in 1824; and the Rideau Ca.n.a.l two years later. These artificial waterways of Canada are controlled by the Department of Railways and Ca.n.a.ls, of the Dominion government. =Index=: =Bk= First in American continent made in Canada, 48. =BL= Construction and improvement of, provided for by government in 1841, 98; completion of St. Lawrence ca.n.a.ls, 286-287. =B= Improvement of, advocated by George Brown, 61; extension of, approved by Quebec Conference, 166; enlargement of, suggested by Fish, United States secretary of state, in 1874, 227. =S= Four made at different points on St. Lawrence, 112. =P= Opposed by Papineau, 172. _See also_ Waterways; and under names of individual ca.n.a.ls, as Lachine; Rideau; Welland, etc.
=Bib.=: Keefer, _Ca.n.a.ls of Canada_ (R. S. C., 1893); _Waterways of Canada_ (Women's Can. Hist. Soc. of Ottawa, _Trans._, vol. 2); Kingsford, _Canadian Ca.n.a.ls_; _Report of Royal Commission on Ca.n.a.ls_, 1871; _Annual Reports on Railways and Ca.n.a.ls_, Ottawa.
=Cananee.= =Ch= Famous French seaman, joins Champlain at Gaspe, 141; the Turks capture his s.h.i.+p, the _Ste. Madeleine_, on the coast of Bretagne, and put him to death, 141.
=Canard River.= A small stream in Ess.e.x County, Ontario, falling into the Detroit River. =Index=: =Bk= Americans repulsed at, in War of 1812, 237.
=Candiac, Chateau of.= =WM= Birthplace of Montcalm, 3; position of, still remains, 5.
=Canning, Charles John, Viscount= (1812-1862). Postmaster-general, under Aberdeen and Palmerston. Governor-general of India, 1855, and through the period of the Indian Mutiny. =Index=: =E= His record in India, 217.
=Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Canning, George= (1770-1827). Entered British Parliament, 1793; foreign secretary, 1807; amba.s.sador to Portugal, 1814; president of Board of Control, 1816; succeeded Londonderry as foreign secretary, 1822; prime minister, 1827. A consistent advocate of const.i.tutional principles.
=Index=: =Sy= Foreign secretary and afterwards prime minister, 16; death of, 16. =Bk= Secretary of war, 81; deals with matter of _Leopard_ and _Chesapeake_, 83, 85; disapproves of Walcheren expedition, 118; foreign secretary, 120. =Bib.=: Canning, _Speeches_; Stapleton, _Political Life of George Canning_; Stapleton, _George Canning and His Times_; _Dict.
Nat. Biog._
=Cannon, Captain.= =WM= Repulses landing of English, 107.
=Canterbury, John Henry Thomas Manners-Sutton, Viscount= (1814-1877).
Born in England. Entered Parliament, 1841; home secretary from 1841 to 1846 in Peel's ministry. From 1854 to 1861, lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick; in 1864-1866 governor of Trinidad; and in 1866-1873 governor of Victoria. =Index=: =T= Dissolves New Brunswick a.s.sembly, 38-39.
=Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_.
"=Canvas House.=" =S= Purchased by Simcoe from Captain Cook, and used as winter residence at York, 204.
=Cap de la Victoire.= On St. Lawrence, near mouth of Richelieu. =Index=: =Ch= Fur trade carried on at, 119, 139.
=Cap du Ciel.= =Ch= French vessel seized by English, 222.
=Cap Rouge.= On the St. Lawrence, above Quebec. =Index=: =WM= Vaudreuil orders posting of two hundred men at, 162; Bougainville's headquarters at, 163; difficulty of crossing the river, 248.
=Cape Breton.= An island at the eastern extremity of Nova Scotia, now forming part of that province. Discovered by John Cabot in 1497. First settlement made by the French in 1712. Town of Louisbourg built and strongly fortified. It was captured by Pepperrell and Warren in 1745; restored to France by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748; again captured by the British, under Amherst and Boscawen, 1758. Cape Breton was a separate colony of Great Britain, 1784-1820, with Sydney (founded 1785) as its capital. In 1820 it was incorporated with Nova Scotia.
=Index=: =Ch= Named St. Lawrence Island by Champlain, 236; Jesuit mission at, for benefit of Micmacs, 236; maintained until 1659, 237.
_See also_ Louisbourg; Sydney; Nova Scotia. =Bib.=: Brown, _History of Cape Breton_; Bourinot, _Cape Breton and its Memorials_; Grant, _Cape Breton, Past and Present_.
=Cape Diamond, Quebec.= =Ch= Fortified, 157.
=Cape St. Vincent.= =Bk= British naval victory of, 10.
=Car Brigade.= =Bk= Formed, 196.
=Carden, Major.= =Dr= Killed in dispersing Ethan Allen's force, 99.
=Cardinal Joseph.= =P= At meeting of Const.i.tutional Committee, 1834, 88.
=Carey.= =Sy= Made deputy inspector-general, 333.
=Carheil, etienne de.= A Breton, of n.o.ble birth. Came to Canada as a Jesuit missionary in 1666. After two years spent at Quebec, left in 1668 for his mission among the Cayugas. Spent a number of years there in a zealous but largely fruitless effort to convert the Indians to Christianity. In 1683 sent to the Hurons at Michilimackinac, and laboured among that tribe for many years. Finally returned to Quebec, where he died. =Bib.=: Campbell, _Pioneer Priests of North America_; _Jesuit Relations_, ed. by Thwaites.
=Cariboo Gold-fields.= =D= History of, 284-289.
=Carignan-Salieres.= The first regiment of regular troops sent to America from France. Raised in Savoy by the Prince of Carignan in 1644; employed for some years in the service of the king of France, and after the peace of the Pyrenees, was regularly incorporated in the French army. Fought against the Turks in 1664, and ordered to America the following year. With the original regiment was incorporated the fragment of a regiment of Germans, the whole under the command of Colonel de Salieres. The regiment served with distinction in Canada until 1668, when it was ordered home; a large number of officers and men, however, remained in the colony, where they were given generous grants of land.
The regiment was reconstructed in France, and under the name of the Regiment of Lorraine existed until 1794. =Index=: =L= Gives strength to the colony, 53; discharged soldiers of, become settlers, 77; further detachment of, arrives, 79. =E= Officers settle on lands along the Richelieu, 178-179, 181. =F= Sent out, 51; some of the officers settle in Canada and become seigneurs, 57. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Old Regime_; Susane, _Ancienne Infanterie Francaise_, vol. 5.
=Carillon, Fort.= =Hd= Repulse of British forces at, 18-21. =WM= The fort defended by Montcalm with De Levis and Bourlamaque, 54-55; attacked by the British under Abercromby, 55-60; failure of the attack, 60-61; Bourlamaque evacuates the fort and destroys it, 146. _See also_ Ticonderoga. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_.
=Carion, Philippe de.= =L= Lays second foundation stone of church at Montreal, 88. =F= Officer at Montreal, refuses to recognize Frontenac's order for arrest of _coureurs de bois_, 91.
=Carleton, Christopher.= =Dr= Father of Guy Carleton, 29; his widow marries Rev. Thomas Skelton, 29.
=Carleton, Sir Guy.= _See_ Dorchester.
=Carleton, Lady Maria.= =Dr= Gains social popularity at Quebec, 162; lives to great age, 308; her extreme hauteur, 309.
=Carleton, Thomas= (1736-1817). Served with Wolfe in 1755; quartermaster-general of the army in Canada, 1775; wounded in the naval battle on Lake Champlain, 1776. Appointed first lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, 1784. Returned to England in 1803; the colony was governed by administrators until 1817, when General Smyth was appointed governor. =Index=: =Dr= Nephew of Lord Dorchester, 249; lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, 249. =W= First governor of New Brunswick, 5; his Council, 5; opposes reforms in government, 13; grants charter to Fredericton Academy, 86. =Hd= Devastates country bordering on Lake Champlain, 149; his expedient for obtaining rebel letters, 194; his connection with the Du Calvet case, 280, 281. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Bradley, _The Making of Canada_.
=Carleton Island.= =Hd= Indians of, 148; projects of Americans against, 150; reinforcements sent to, 153; depot for stores established at, great cost of transporting provisions to, 184.
=Carling, Sir John= (1828-). Represented town of London in Legislative a.s.sembly, 1857-1867; and continued to sit for the same const.i.tuency in the Dominion Parliament. Appointed receiver-general in Cartier-Macdonald ministry, 1862; and commissioner of agriculture and public works in Ontario government, 1867. Entered federal government as postmaster-general, 1882; minister of agriculture, 1885-1892. Called to the Senate, 1891; resigned, 1892; again called, 1896. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; Dent, _Can. Por._
=Carlton House.= Two forts of this name were founded by the Hudson's Bay Company. One stood on the banks of the Saskatchewan, above the forks; the other on the upper waters of the a.s.siniboine. Both were established about the end of the eighteenth century. =Index=: =MS= Built by Hudson's Bay Company, 6.
=Carnarvon, Henry Howard Molyneux Herbert, fourth Earl of= (1831-1890).
Colonial secretary, 1866-1867, and as such introduced the British North America Act; colonial secretary again, 1874-1878; chairman of Colonial Defence Commission, 1879-1882. Joined Imperial Federation League, 1884.
=Index=: =Md= President of Westminster Conference in London, 126; effect of his resignation on Confederation, 128; Macdonald's letter to, on the franchise, 259. =T= Conference with, on Confederation scheme, 122. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Caroline.= =Mc= Steamboat, goes over Niagara Falls, 419; cutting out of, 420; merits of act, 421; international complications, 423. =Bib.=: Drew and Wood, _The Burning of the Caroline_; Dent, _Upper Canadian Rebellion_.
=Caroline Almanac.= =Mc= Mackenzie publishes, 459.