Chapter 58
=Ottawa, University of.= Established, 1848. Originally incorporated under the t.i.tle of "College of Bytown"; received the t.i.tle of "College of Ottawa," 1866. Pope Leo XIII raised it to the rank of a Roman Catholic University, 1889. It suffered from a serious fire, 1903. The university is conducted by the Oblate Fathers of Mary Immaculate.
=Otway's Regiment.= =WM= On British right, 189.
=Ouendats.= =Ch= General name given by French to four Huron tribes, 89.
=Ouentaron.= =S= Indian name of Lake Simcoe, 93. _See also_ Lake Simcoe.
=Ourouehate.= _See_ Big Mouth.
=Overman.= =Ch= Farmer of county of Renfrew, Ontario, discovers astrolabe lost by Champlain, 76.
=Owen, Admiral.= =W= Member of New Brunswick Council, 69.
=Pabos.= =Hd= Haldimand acquires seigniory of, 50; sends his nephew there, 73; not profitable, 111.
=Pacific Coast.= _See_ North-West Coast.
=Pacific Fur Company.= Organized by John Jacob Astor in 1810. Sometimes known as the Astor Fur Company. Astor had made a fortune in the fur trade, and formed the plan of extending his operations to the Pacific coast, and building a post at the mouth of the Columbia. He suggested to the North West Company that the project be undertaken jointly, but the Company declining the offer, he induced several of its partners and employees to join him. These men sailed to the Columbia by way of Cape Horn, while another party went overland by the route followed by Lewis and Clark. Astoria was built in 1811, at the mouth of the Columbia, but the energetic compet.i.tion of the North West Company, and complications arising out of the War of 1812, defeated Astor's plans. =Index=: =D= Logical sequel to journey of Lewis and Clark, 68; formed in 1810 by John Jacob Astor, 68; made famous by Was.h.i.+ngton Irving, 68; character and extent of its operations, 69-71; employees recruited in Montreal, 70; expeditions sent out, 71. _See also_ Astoria. =Bib.=: c.o.x, _Adventures on the Columbia River_; Ross, _Fur Hunters of the Far West_; Franchere, _Voyage to North-West Coast of America_; Irving, _Astoria_.
=Pacific Scandal.= =D= Difficulties aroused by episode, 321. =C= Cartier's connection with, 53-54, 105-106. =Md= History of, 199-211; grew out of Pacific Railway project, 200; the two syndicates, 200; government subsidies, 201; Huntington's motion for a committee to investigate charges against Sir Hugh Allan and the government, 201-203; motion defeated, 203; Macdonald's motion for select committee, 203-204; Allan's letters and telegrams published, with other doc.u.ments, 205; royal commission issued, 206; Macdonald's letter to Dufferin, 207; Mackenzie moves vote of censure, 208; Macdonald's defence, 208-209; Donald A. Smith's speech, 210; Macdonald resigns, 210; his party defeated at the elections, 211. =T= Tilley not involved in, 131. _See also_ Macdonald, Sir John A.; Macpherson, Sir David L.; Cartier, Sir Georges E.
=Pagan, William.= =W= Appointed to New Brunswick Council, 7.
=Pakington, Sir John.= _See_ Hampton.
=Palliser, Hugh.= Captain of the _Shrewsbury_ in 1759. =Index=: =WM= British marines under, occupy Lower Town of Quebec, 235.
=Pallu.= =L= Proposed appointment of, as bishop in Asia, 23.
=Palmer, Edward= (1809-1889). =T= Represents Prince Edward Island at Quebec Conference, 77.
=Palmerston, Henry John Temple, third Viscount= (1784-1865). Born in Hamps.h.i.+re, England. Educated at Harrow, Edinburgh, and Cambridge. First entered Parliament, 1807; lord of the admiralty, 1808; secretary of war, 1809-1828; foreign secretary, 1830-1840 and 1846-1851; home secretary, 1852; prime minister, 1855; defeated, but returned to power, 1857; again defeated, 1858, and once more prime minister, 1859; warden of the Cinque Ports, 1861. =Index=: =E= Sends Elgin on mission to China, 212. =Sy= Resigns from Duke of Wellington's Cabinet, 16. =T= On Intercolonial Railway question, 55; on Confederation negotiations, 63-64. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Pambrun, Pierre Chrysologue.= Served in the Canadian Voltigeurs during the War of 1812. Entered the service of the Hudson's Bay Company, and sent to the Qu'Appelle district. Captured there by Cuthbert Grant, of the North West Company, in 1816, and held prisoner for five days, shortly before the Seven Oaks affair. Stationed at Stuart Lake, New Caledonia, in 1824, and still in the same district in 1828 when Sir George Simpson made his overland journey to the Pacific. In 1842 in charge of Fort Halkett. =Index=: =D= At Stuart Lake, 99. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Bancroft, _History of British Columbia_; Morice, _History of the Northern Interior of British Columbia_.
=Panama Ca.n.a.l.= =Ch= Suggested by Champlain, 5; undertaken by De Lesseps, 6.
=Panet, Jean Antoine= (1751-1815). Practised as an advocate and notary in Montreal, represented Quebec in the Legislature, 1792, and presented a pet.i.tion from the citizens of Quebec for the abolition of slavery.
First Speaker of the Legislature of Quebec; appointed judge of the Court of Common Pleas by Lord Dorchester, 1793, but resigned almost immediately and re-elected to the Legislature of Lower Canada where he sat until 1815; appointed a member of the Legislative Council, 1815.
=Index=: =Bk= Speaker of Lower Canada a.s.sembly, his commission as lieutenant-colonel of militia cancelled by Governor Craig, 105; elected for Huntingdon and again made Speaker, 115. =Dr= Speaker of first Lower Canada a.s.sembly, 276; appointed to judges.h.i.+p, 277. =C= Claims liberty of the press, 95; sent to jail, 95. =P= Establishes _Le Canadien_, 28; name struck off militia list by Sir James Craig, 28; sent to jail, 29; released, 29; Speaker of a.s.sembly succeeded by Papineau, 33. =Bib.=: Bibaud, _Pan. Can._; Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.
=Panet, Jean Claude.= =Dr= Appointed judge, 183.
=Pangman, Peter.= Born in New England. Engaged in the fur trade west of Lake Superior about 1780. With Peter Pond, John Gregory, and A. N.
McLeod, organized in 1784 a company in opposition to the North West Company. Afterwards for some years in the service of the North West Company. In 1793 retired from the fur trade, and purchased seigniory of Mascouche in Lower Canada. =Index=: =MS= a.s.sociated with Pond and others in opposition to North West Company, 11; sent to Saskatchewan, 14; his share as partner of North West Company, 58. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_.
=Paper Currency.= =Bk= Issue of, in Upper Canada,
=Papin.= =C= Liberal leader in Quebec, 25; protests against Dorion entering Cartier administration, 106-107.
=Papineau, Denis B.= =E= Brother of Louis Joseph Papineau, 35; Metcalfe brings into Cabinet, 35; his lack of influence in Lower Canada, 44, 66.
=BL= Elected for Ottawa, 116; becomes commissioner of crown lands, 1844, 246; attacked, 246-247; elected for Ottawa, 1844, 252; introduces question of French language, 255-256; Draper prepared to throw him over, 259, 260. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_.
=Papineau, Joseph.= =P= Represents Montreal in first Parliament, 1792, 4; his patriotism, 4; oratorical gifts, 4; services during American invasion, 1775-1776, 5, 33; acquires seigniory of La Pet.i.te Nation, 5-6.
=Papineau, Louis Joseph= (1786-1870). =P= Tribune of the people, 1; a melodious speaker, 1-3; compared with Cartier, 2; his parentage, 3-4; services in War of 1812, 5, 33; his house at Montebello, 6; college days, 32; enters a.s.sembly, 1812, and immediately springs to front, 32; succeeds Panet as Speaker, 1815, 33; studies history and const.i.tutional law, 33; his speeches, 34; leaders.h.i.+p acknowledged, 34; his opinion of the const.i.tution of 1791, 34-38; insists on budget being voted item by item, 42; sent to England to oppose proposed union of Upper and Lower Canada, 1822, 44-53; attacks Dalhousie in the a.s.sembly, 56; Bibaud on, 56; fight for control of the budget, and removal of political abuses, 56-64; criticized for accepting mission to England, 65-66; revolt against his leaders.h.i.+p, 66; friends.h.i.+p for Neilson, 67; difficulties with his followers, 68-69; refuses offer of seat in the Council, 1822, 72; his unsuccessful fight for responsible government, 75; defeats motion for adoption of G.o.derich's offer, 77; his action defended in Durham's _Report_, 77; advocates reform of Legislative Council, 79; his Montreal speech, 1834, 79-82; question of patronage, 84; his immoderate att.i.tude, 86; deserted by Neilson and other moderate men, 86; blames government for ravages of cholera, 88-89; Ninety-Two Resolutions, 85-97; becomes an annexationist, 97, 113; stormy scenes in the Legislature, 1835, 99; his outbursts of pa.s.sion, 100; replies to Gugy's speech in a.s.sembly, 103-106; has Lord Aylmer's remarks about Ninety-Two Resolutions erased from journals of a.s.sembly, 106, 109; bitter attack on Aylmer, 107-108; and Craig, 109; becomes an irreconcilable, 110; conflict with Lord Gosford, 110; criticized by Dr. Henry, 112; accepts invitations to Government House, 112-113; refuses to vote supplies, 115; the eve of the Rebellion, 116; moderate French, with the clergy, break away from his leaders.h.i.+p, 116-117; fails to secure support of malcontents in other provinces, 118-119; his seditious speeches, 119-125; influenced by example of American Revolution, 121-122; at the St. Charles meeting, 1837, 125-126; leaves Montreal for St. Hyacinthe, 127; charged with high treason, 128; leaves St. Denis on the eve of the fight, 132; a price put on his head, 137; escapes to the United States, 137-138; extent of his responsibility for Rebellion, 143; denies having advocated violence, 143; his speeches evidence against him, 144; his letters, 144; and the government, 156; the people follow him blindly, indifferent to political rights, 160-161; spends the period of his exile in France, 163; letter to his brother, 164; returns to Canada in 1845, 165; historical studies in Paris, examines Canadian Archives there, 164-165; his pamphlet on the Rebellion, 165; again enters Parliament, 1847-1854, 166; relations with La Fontaine, 167-180; advocates independence, 167; attacks La Fontaine, 170-172; La Fontaine's reply, 172-176; his hatred of all forms of compromise, 177; forms new party, _Le parti democratique_, 1849, 178, 187; its leaders, 178; its programme, 178; retires from public life, 180; his letters to Christie, 144, 180, 191, 194; criticism of the Act of 1840, 181-182; his correspondence with his friends, 183; lectures before Canadian Inst.i.tute, Montreal, 1867, 183, 199; his portrait, 185; his character, 185; his father's influence, 186; merits and defects of his public life, 186-188; his correspondence with W. L. Mackenzie, 189; his home on the Ottawa, 190; his social qualities, 190-191; home life, 192; friendly att.i.tude towards the English, 196; his letters, 197; his death, Sept.
23, 1870, 198; att.i.tude towards the church, 198; opposed to Confederation, 199; his love for his country, 200. =BL= Born in Montreal, 19; political life, 19, 20; his connection with the Rebellion in Lower Canada, 45, 46, 49; anxious to conciliate clergy, 47; Cuvillier votes against his Ninety-Two Resolutions, 86; his correspondence with Hume and Roebuck, 229; his life in exile, 288; La Fontaine secures his pardon, 288; his return and election for St. Maurice, 288; his lost leaders.h.i.+p, 289; attacks La Fontaine and his policy, 289-290; La Fontaine's reply, 290-292; for Radical party, 292; opposes Redistribution Bill, 303; in the a.s.sembly, 312; leads Radical party, 342; opposes La Fontaine, 342, 343; Elgin calls him "Guy Fawkes," 342; att.i.tude on Seigniorial Tenure, 350. =E= Causes of Rebellion, 17, 75, 76; his dangerous eloquence, 17-18; an agitator rather than a statesman, 20; fights for an elective Council, 21; mistaken att.i.tude, 22; returns from exile, 50, 91; elected to Parliament, 50; his career in Parliament, 50-51; Elgin's antipathy for, 56, 57, 72, 73; contrasted with Mackenzie, 91, 92; controls Legislature of Lower Canada, 97; opposes development of St. Lawrence, 97, 98; forms _Parti Rouge_, 108, 109; factious opposition to law increasing representation, 117; held responsible by Cartier for amendment to Union Act, 122; his defeat and retirement from public life, 134; aftermath of Rebellion, 190. =Bk= Elected to the Lower Canada Legislature, 117. =C= His influence on Cartier, 1, 5; his St. Charles meeting, 3; standing as a statesman, 23; founds Democratic party, 26; advocates reforms, but crosses limits of const.i.tutional agitation, 96.
=Md= Heads Rebellion of 1837, in Lower Canada, 7; Cartier goes to United States with, after defeat of rebels, 266; in struggle against political domination of priesthood, 45. =Mc= Visited by Mackenzie, 288; addresses meetings, 328; amnestied, 474. _See also_ Rebellion of 1837. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; Taylor, _Brit. Am._; _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.
=Pardoe, Avern= (1845-). =B= Librarian of Legislative a.s.sembly of Ontario, 255; a witness of the shooting of George Brown by Bennett, 255-256.
=Parent, etienne= (1801-1874). Born at Beauport, near Quebec. Educated at the Seminary of Quebec, and at the College of Nicolet. In 1822 editor of _Le Canadien_, but resigned, 1825, to study law. After being called to the bar and practising for a short time, abandoned the profession on his appointment as French translator to the Legislative a.s.sembly of Lower Canada. In 1831 editor of _Le Canadien_, and held the position for eleven years. During the Rebellion of 1837-1838 strongly supported the extreme measures of Papineau, and imprisoned in Quebec jail. In 1841 elected to the a.s.sembly for Saguenay. In 1842 appointed clerk of the Executive Council; and in 1847 a.s.sistant secretary for Lower Canada.
=Index=: =P= Applies name of Chouayens to those who would not follow Papineau, 68; withdraws from Papineau's party, 117; denounced by _La Minerve_ as a traitor, 123. =Bib.=: Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.
=Paris, Treaty of.= Between England and France, signed 1763. Ceded Canada to Britain, France retaining islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon.
=Index=: =E= Guarantees inst.i.tutions of French-Canadians, 24. =P= Grants free exercise of Roman Catholic religion, 9; breadth of view of framers of, 9. =Dr= Cedes Canada to Great Britain, 7. =Sy= Liberal provisions of, 62. =WM= Signed Feb. 10, 1763, 268; ends the Seven Years' War, 269.
=Bib.=: Hertslet, _Treaties and Conventions_.
=Parke, Thomas.= Born in Ireland. Emigrated to Canada, and settled in York (Toronto) in 1820. Member for the county of Middles.e.x in the two last Parliaments of the province of Upper Canada. Member of the first Parliament of Canada, 1841-1844; surveyor-general in the La Fontaine-Baldwin administration, 1841-1845, when the office was abolished. Died, 1864. =Index=: =Sy= Made surveyor-general, 333. =Bib.=: Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._; Dent, _Last Forty Years_.
=Parker, Sir Hyde= (1739-1807). Second son of Vice-Admiral Sir Hyde Parker. Born in England. Served in the navy under his father. In 1757 became lieutenant, and in 1763 commanded the _Baleine_. In 1766 transferred to the _Hussar_, and served under Lord Hood on the North American station until 1770; served with Howe at New York; Rhode Island in 1778; and in 1779 convoyed the troops to Savannah; knighted for his services, 1779; commander-in-chief at Jamaica, 1796-1800; promoted rear-admiral of the _Red_ in 1799; commanded the fleet which attacked Copenhagen in 1807. =Index=: =Bk= In command of expedition to the Baltic, 24; signals Nelson at Copenhagen to leave off action, 28.
=Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Parker, Robert.= =T= Attorney-general, New Brunswick, appointed to bench, 19; made chief-justice, 1865, 93-94; dies same year, 94.
=Parkes, Sir Henry= (1815-1896). Australian statesman. =Index=: =Md= Rhodes suggests scheme of Imperial preferential trade to, 343.
=Parkman, Francis= (1823-1893). Born in Boston. Educated at Harvard, where he graduated, 1844. While still at college decided to write the history of the struggle between France and Britain for the dominion of the New World, and the remainder of his life was devoted to carrying out this great plan. Lived among the western tribes for months at a time, and on several occasions visited Canada and Europe for material for his work. =Index=: =F= On the _Jesuit Relations_, 30; on the beginnings of education and its founders, 31-32; on the encouragement of marriage, 57-58; reference to his account of the defence of fort at Vercheres, 319-320. =L= On the friction of Laval with the governor-general and others, 34. =WM= On French colonization, 19. =Bib.=: Works: _Pioneers of France in the New World_; _Count Frontenac_; _The Jesuits in North America_; _La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West_; _The Old Regime in Canada_; _A Half Century of Conflict_; _Montcalm and Wolfe_; _The Conspiracy of Pontiac_; _The Oregon Trail_. For biog., _see_ Farnham, _Life of Francis Parkman_.
=Parliamentary Government.= =E= Canadian and American systems compared, 239-267. =P= Not at first welcomed by French-Canadians, 19, 20; their change of view, 22; Lower Canadian a.s.sembly pet.i.tions the king to be allowed to provide for expenses of administration, 30; partial control of budget granted in 1818, 30. =H= Granted to Canada and the Maritime Provinces, 14; its limitations, 14-17. =Bib.=: Bourinot, _Parliamentary Procedure and Government_; Todd, _Parliamentary Government in the British Colonies_.
=Parliaments in France.= =F= Subjection of, to royal power, 152.
=Parr, John.= Served in the army for some years; appointed governor of Nova Scotia, 1782; lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1786-1791. The last governor of the province previous to the separation of New Brunswick from the old province of Nova Scotia, and instrumental in bringing about the change. Created widespread dissatisfaction by bad management of the affairs of the Loyalists in Nova Scotia. Parrtown, afterwards St. John, was named after him. =Index=: =Dr= Lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 206, 235; arranges for receiving Loyalists, 214. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_.
=Partelow, John R.= =W= Opposed to responsible government, 65; his views on initiation of money grants, referred to in Wilmot's speech, 104, 108; enters government as provincial secretary, 116. =T= Defeated for St.
John County, 11; Speaker of House of a.s.sembly, 11; mayor of St. John, 11; elected for Victoria, 14; his character, 14-15; elected for St. John County, 30; defeated, 32. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_.
=Parti Catholique.= =C= An extreme faction of Quebec Conservatives, 82; its policy, 82; attacks Cartier, 82-83.
=Parti Rouge.= =B= Origin of, 78-79; alliance with, of George Brown and Upper Canadian Reformers, 78, 80; led by A. A. Dorion, 80; significance of movement, 235. =E= Its history and members, 108; help to defeat Hincks-Morin government, 127; Papineau becomes leader of, 134. =BL= Origin of, 335, 351. =Md= Formed to fight against domination of priesthood, 45, 46; members of, in Legislature in 1854, 51; defeated in 1857, 84; George Brown's rupture with, 102. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_; Willison, _Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party_.
=Party Government.= =B= Origin of the double ministries, 81. =Sy= Absence of necessary conditions for, 185, 186, 303; Robert Baldwin's premature demand for, 187, 294; party names in Canada without significance, 303. _See also_ Representative government; Responsible government.
=Paterson, General.= =Hd= His report on state of affairs at Boston, 95.
=Patriot.= Newspaper published at Toronto. =Index=: =Mc= Publishes proceedings of House, 174. =BL= Attacks Bagot, 142, 153; on the election law, 145-146; its abuse of Bagot, 153; on Rebellion Losses Bill, 319.