Chapter 65
=Responsible Government.= The period of responsible government in Canada dates from the union of 1841; in Nova Scotia, from 1848; in New Brunswick, the same year; in Prince Edward Island, 1851. The agitation for responsible government, from its very nature, cannot be limited to an exact period. It was a gradual growth, whose roots ran back almost to the beginning of the period of British rule in Canada. The Quebec Act of 1774, the Const.i.tutional Act of 1791, the Ninety-Two Resolutions of 1834, the Rebellion of 1837, and Durham's Report, were mile-stones on the road to responsible government. =Index=: =Mc= Rattray on, 5, 6; Lord John Russell on, 19, 20; resolution refusing, pa.s.sed by Imperial House, 20; Lord Glenelg opposes, 21; Erskine May's review, 21; Bond Head on, 22; Lord Durham justified in demanding, 61, 67-69; the "true remedy,"
61, 63; Durham's Report favours, 81; Mackenzie urges, 81; Mackenzie advocates, 148, 166, 177, 244, 279; Seventh Report on Grievances, 273; Lord Glenelg on, 279-286; Lord Russell opposes, 325; comes at last, 409; May on value of, 490. =Md= Its principles accepted in Act of Union in 1840, 17, 22; established under Elgin, 32-33; principles of, outlined by Lord Grey in despatch to Sir John Harvey, 47-50. =W= History of movement for, in New Brunswick, 99-130. =Sy= Effects of its introduction foreseen, 81; not fully understood, 82, 107; idea opposed in reports of committees of both Houses of Upper Canada Legislature, 100-103; Sydenham's great tact in dealing with question of, 104; limited views of its more ardent advocates, 105, 230; open to theoretical objections, 105-107; advocated by Hincks and Howe, 107; problem not theoretically solved, 108; responsible government favoured by French-Canadians, 117; opposed by English element in Lower Canada, 117; favoured by Reform party in Upper Canada, 117; agitation on subject of, 124; Sir George Arthur opposes, 125; inhabitants of Gore district pa.s.s resolutions in favour of, 125; Lord John Russell's despatch on the subject, 169-172; misunderstood by Conservatives and Reformers alike, 172, 173, 219, 230; absence of, in Canada, 175, 176; Russell's despatch on tenure of office brings it nearer, 184; the sole issue on which Reformers were united, 185; could be introduced only gradually, 189; not clearly defined in Durham's Report, 223; Sydenham's view of, 224; excitement on the subject diminis.h.i.+ng, 225; unity in the Cabinet a necessary condition of, 227-229; question of, in Nova Scotia, 257-264; French-Canadians indifferent to, 305; appreciation of, in Upper Canada, 305; resolutions on, adopted by Legislative a.s.sembly, 310, 311. =B= Explained in the _Banner_, 9; Durham's remedy for political unrest, 12; withheld by Metcalfe, 20-25; introduced by Elgin, 33, 35; Hincks's and Morin's services in cause of, 67; George Brown's views on, 67. =C= La Fontaine's fight for, 97; Lord Elgin's good work for, 98. =H= Fight for, in Nova Scotia, 18-19, 30-31; only partially conceded by Union Act of 1841, 53; triumph of, in Nova Scotia, 111; in Canada, 111; Sir John Harvey on, 112-113; Joseph Howe's fight for. _See_ Howe. =BL= Baldwin's "one idea,"
ix; the corner-stone of the British Imperial system, ix; evolution of, in Canada, ix; impossible in early days of British rule, 1-2; Head calls it the "smooth-faced insidious doctrine," 38; the desire for, at the root of both const.i.tutional and armed movements in Canada, 52; recommended by Durham, 56-58; advocated by Hincks in the _Examiner_, 58; Union Bill identified with, by Reformers of Upper Canada, 61; Sydenham's views on, 64-67; favoured by La Fontaine, 70; discussion on, in Legislature of 1841, 90-95; the Baldwin resolutions, 108-110; history of, 137-143. _See also_ Brown, George; Howe, Joseph; Baldwin, Robert; Hincks, Sir Francis; La Fontaine, Sir L. H.; Elgin, Earl of; Head, Sir F. B.; Sydenham; Metcalfe; Bagot; Durham; Stanley; Papineau, L. J.; Cartier, Sir G. E.; Ninety-Two Resolutions; Twelve Resolutions; Representative government; Const.i.tutional Act, 1791; Union Act, 1840; British North America Act, 1867; Mackenzie, W. L.; Union of 1840.
=Bib.=: Bourinot, _Const.i.tutional History of Canada_; Shortt and Doughty, _Const.i.tutional Doc.u.ments of Canada_; Egerton and Grant, _Canadian Const.i.tutional Doc.u.ments_; Dent, _Last Forty Years_; Durham, _Report_; Kingsford, _History of Canada_.
=Revenue.= =Mc= Casual and territorial, how derived and appropriated, 54-55; subject of contention, 55. =Sy= Control of, contended for by provincial a.s.semblies, 84; division of, between Upper and Lower Canada, gives rise to dispute, 93. =W= Disputes over disposition of, in New Brunswick, 16-30, 35-39, 44-47, 92.
=Revue Canadienne.= Established in Montreal, in 1865. This important French-Canadian magazine contains an immense amount of valuable material bearing on the history and literature of Quebec. Its contributors have embraced most of the ablest writers of the province during the past half century.
=Reye, Pierre.= =Ch= Sides with the Kirkes, 194; his character bad, 204.
=Rheaume, Colonel.= =WM= Killed in battle of Ste. Foy, 264.
=Rhodes, Cecil John= (1853-1902). Born at Bishop Stortford, England.
Educated at Oxford. Went to South Africa, 1871, and made a fortune in the diamond mines. Entered the a.s.sembly of Cape Colony, 1881, and became a member of the Executive Council, 1884, as treasurer-general. Appointed deputy-commissioner of Bechuana Land, 1884. Organized the British South Africa Company, 1889. Premier of Cape Colony, 1890-1896. Left the greater part of his fortune for the establishment of scholars.h.i.+ps at Oxford University, open to university students in each of the British colonies, the United States, and Germany. =Index=: =Md= Letter from, to Macdonald suggesting Imperial preferential trade, 343; makes same suggestion to Sir Henry Parkes of Australia, 343. =Bib.=: Hensman, _Cecil Rhodes: a Study of a Career_; Scholz, _Oxford and the Rhodes Scholars.h.i.+ps_.
=Riall, Sir Phineas.= Entered the army, 1794; lieutenant-colonel, 1806; saw service in the West Indies. In 1813 attained the rank of major-general and ordered to Canada. Took part in the contest on the Niagara frontier; in command of the British troops at the battle of Chippawa. Appointed governor of Grenada, 1816; lieutenant-general, 1825; knighted, 1833; general, 1841. Died at Paris, 1851. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_.
=Rice, Spring.= _See_ Monteagle, Lord.
=Richard, Father.= =Ch= Jesuit, in charge of mission at Miscou and afterwards at Chedabucto, 235, 237.
=Richards, Sir William Buell= (1815-1889). Born in Brockville, Ontario.
Studied law and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1837. Elected a member of the Upper Canada a.s.sembly, 1848; appointed to the Executive Council, 1851; Q.C., 1850; puisne judge of the Court of Common Pleas, 1853; chief-justice of that Court, 1863; chief-justice of Ontario, 1868; arbitrator for Ontario on the commission to delimit the north-western boundary of the province, 1874; chief-justice of the Supreme Court of Canada, 1875; knighted, 1878; awarded the confederation medal, 1885.
=Index=: =E= Returned in 1848, 50; attorney-general of Upper Canada, in Hincks-Morin ministry, 113; elevated to the bench, 126; first chief-justice of Supreme Court of Canada, 128. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._
=Richardson, James= (1791-1875). Entered the provincial marine, 1809, and served through the War of 1812. Entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 1824. Became editor of the _Christian Guardian_, 1832, and secretary of the British and Foreign Bible Society, 1837. Consecrated bishop, 1858. =Index=: =B= Asked to enter religious controversy in Upper Canada, 68; elected editor
=Richardson, John= (1796-1852). Born near Niagara Falls, Ontario. In 1812 served during the war in the Canadian militia; at the battle of the Thames taken prisoner; released; and afterwards entered the British army. =Index=: =BL= Cited on Baldwin, 64; quoted on Hincks, 105; on Bagot, 153. =Bk= His _War of 1812_ quoted, 236; describes encounter at Maguaga, 238-242; describes attack on Detroit, 252, 254. =Bib.=: Works: _War of 1812_, 1842; new ed., edited by Ca.s.selman, 1902; _Wacousta; Ecarte_; _The Canadian Brothers_. For biog., _see_ _Dict. Nat. Biog._ _See also_ introduction to _War of 1812_, ed. by Ca.s.selman.
=Richardson, Sir John= (1787-1865). Born in Dumfries, Scotland. Educated at Edinburgh University. In 1807 entered the navy as a.s.sistant surgeon, and took part in the attack on Copenhagen. In 1816 obtained the degree of M.D. from Edinburgh; and in 1819 appointed surgeon and naturalist in Franklin's Arctic expedition, spending the winter of that year in the Saskatchewan district. In 1821 the party reached Fort Providence, and in October, 1822, returned to England. In 1825 accompanied Franklin on his second expedition to the north. In 1838 appointed physician to the Royal Hospital at Haslar; in 1840 inspector of hospitals; and in 1846 knighted. Placed in command of an expedition sent to search for Franklin in 1848, but returned to England without finding any trace of the explorer. =Bib.=: Works: _Arctic Searching Expedition_; _Fauna Boreali Americana_. For biog., _see Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis, Duc de= (1585-1642). Born in France.
In 1607 bishop of Lucon; entered politics, and in 1616 secretary of state for war and foreign affairs. In 1622 created cardinal; in 1624 councillor of state, and from that time till his death practically dictator of France. The founder of the French Academy. =Index=: =E= Introduces modified form of feudal system into Canada, 175. =L= Provides for maintenance of missionaries, 4; strong measures of, to strengthen royal power, 18. =F= Creates Company of New France, 19. =Ch= Founder of the Company of New France, 168; heads list of members, 170. =Bib.=: _Correspondence and State Papers_, 1853-1877. _See_ lives or political biographies by Hanotaux, Dussieux, f.a.gniez, Lodge.
=Richelieu District.= In the Province of Quebec. =Index=: =Dr= Parishes in, show marked sympathy with Americans, 89.
=Richelieu Islands.= Near mouth of Richelieu River. =Index=: =Ch= A trading place, 120, 245.
=Richelieu River.= Rises in Bennington county, Vermont, and flows into the St. Lawrence, after a course of 210 miles. Discovered by Champlain in 1609, who in that year ascended the river to Lake Champlain. It was at first known as the Riviere des Iroquois, and has at different times borne the names of Chambly, St. Louis, and Sorel. =Index=: =F= Highway to Iroquois country, 9; fort erected at mouth of, 51. =C= Scenes of patriarchal life along, 118-121. =P= In Rebellion of 1837, 128-134.
=Bib.=: Parkman, _Pioneers of France_; White, _Atlas of Canada_.
=Richer, Jean.= =Ch= Interpreter, 144.
=Richibucto.= =Ch= Jesuit mission at, 234.
=Richmond, Charles Lennox, third Duke of= (1735-1806). Graduated at Leyden, 1753; entered the army, and distinguished himself at Minden, 1759; amba.s.sador at Paris, 1765; secretary of state, 1766-1767; member of Pitt's Cabinet, 1783. =Index=: =Dr= Carleton appointed as preceptor to, 30. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Richmond, Charles Lennox, fourth Duke of= (1764-1819). Entered Parliament, 1790; privy councillor, 1807; lord lieutenant of Ireland, 1807-1813; governor-general of British North America, 1818-1819. Died near Richmond, Upper Canada. =Index=: =E= An unsuccessful governor, 2; his death at Richmond, 2. =P= Quiet rule of, 39. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat.
Biog._; Dent, _Can. Por._; Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Kingsford, _History of Canada_.
=Rickson, Lieutenant-Colonel.= =WM= Wolfe's letter to, 72.
=Riddell, Robert.= =BL= Defeats Hincks in Oxford, 1844, 253; Hincks's pet.i.tion against his election refused, 253.
=Rideau Ca.n.a.l.= Built in 1826-1832, by Colonel John By, with several companies of Royal Engineers. The first boat went through the ca.n.a.l in May, 1832, from Bytown (Ottawa) to Kingston. The project arose out of the War of 1812, and was mainly a military work, designed to afford a secure route for gunboats and military supplies between Montreal and the Great Lakes. This, with the other ca.n.a.ls then built, remained under the control of the Imperial government until 1853. It was then handed over to the government of Upper Canada. In 1867 it came under the control of the Dominion government. =Index=: =E= Its origin as a military work, and importance to Upper Canada, 98. =BL= Its importance from a military point of view, 74. =Bib.=: Billings, _The Rideau Ca.n.a.l_ (Women's Can.
Hist. Soc. of Ottawa _Trans._, vol. 2).
=Ridout, George.= =Mc= Dismissed by Head, 306.
=Ridout, Thomas.= A United Empire Loyalist. Came to Canada in 1780; became registrar of York; and subsequently surveyor-general of Upper Canada. =Index=: =R= Surveyor-general, and member of Board of Education, 58. =Bk= On administrative energy of Brock, 168. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel.
Can._; Edgar, _Ten Years of Upper Canada_.
=Ridout, Thomas G.= (1792-1861). Born near Sorel. Removed with his family to Niagara, and later to York. At the age of nineteen appointed deputy a.s.sistant commissary-general. Resigning this office, became cas.h.i.+er of the Bank of Upper Canada, which position he held until his death. =Index=: =Bk= Letter from, describing condition of affairs in England in 1811, 167; on the political situation in England in 1812, 192-193. =Bib.=: Edgar, _Ten Years of Upper Canada_.
=Riedesel, Frederica Charlotte Louisa= (1746-1808). Wife of Baron Friedrich Adolph Riedesel; born in Bradenburg, Germany. Educated in Berlin. In 1777 accompanied her husband to Canada and was with him through the Burgoyne campaign, acting as nurse during the war. =Index=: =Dr= Her journal, 145, 159. =Hd= Her Canadian diary, 219-220, 239, 240, 299-304, 345.
=Riedesel, Friedrich Adolph, Baron= (1738-1800). German officer. Born in Rhine-Hesse. Educated at Marburg. Served on the staff of Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick in the Seven Years' War, and took part in the battle of Minden. In 1776 attached to the British forces in North America, and while in Quebec organized his troops to meet colonial methods of fighting. Took part in the capture of Ticonderoga, and in the defeat of the Americans at Hubbardton. In 1777 taken prisoner at Saratoga, and exchanged in 1779. Returned to Germany, 1783, and promoted lieutenant-general, 1787. Commandant of the city of Brunswick, 1794.
=Index=: =Dr= Commands German troops, 145; joins Burgoyne at St. Johns, 147; his regret at Carleton's being superseded in military command, 174.
=Hd= Commands German troops, 114; his description of Canada and Canadians, 114-116, 239-240; personal friend of Haldimand, 296, 297, 299, 302; on Was.h.i.+ngton's methods, 298. =Bib.=: Bradley, _The Making of Canada_; _History of Canada_. _See also_ Haldimand.
=Riel, Louis= (1844-1885). Born in St. Boniface, Manitoba. Educated at the Jesuit College, Montreal. Leader of the Rebellion of 1869-1870; organized a provisional government at Fort Garry, but fled to the United States on the arrival of the punitive force under Wolseley. Returned to Canada in 1884, took command of the rebel forces in Saskatchewan, captured at Batoche, tried, convicted of treason, and hanged. =Index=: =C= Leads revolt in North-West, 69; establishes provisional government, 69. =Md= Sets up provisional government at Fort Garry, 158; puts Thomas Scott to death, 160; his good faith doubted by Macdonald, 160; Cartier's plan of a full amnesty and a new provincial government, 162; decamps on arrival of Wolseley, 162; long the storm centre of Canadian politics, 162; elected to Parliament, 1874, but expelled and outlawed, 162; invited by half-breeds to return to Canada, 241; leads Rebellion of 1885, 242; captured and hanged, 242; excitement in Quebec, 243-244; his execution debated in Parliament, 280. =Bib.=: _The Queen_ vs. _Louis Riel_; _Louis Riel, Martyr du Nord-Ouest_; Begg, _History of the North-West_; Morice, _Dict._ _See also_ Riel Rebellion.
=Riel Rebellion=, 1869-1870. The territorial rights of the Hudson's Bay Company having been transferred to Canada, a surveying party under Colonel Dennis was sent out to Red River in 1869, and the same year William Macdougall was appointed lieutenant-governor of Rupert's Land, and instructed to proceed to Fort Garry and a.s.sume control. The French half-breeds, alarmed at these proceedings, which they thought menaced the rights to their lands, turned back the surveying parties, and prevented Macdougall from crossing the boundary. They formed themselves into a provisional government, of which Louis Riel was secretary, and later was elected president. Riel published a "Bill of Rights," and seized Fort Garry. An ill-judged attempt on the part of some of the loyal settlers to compel the release of certain prisoners failed, and the leader, Major Boulton, with Thomas Scott and others, was captured.
Boulton was released, but Riel caused Scott to be shot. Intense indignation throughout Canada was aroused by this act, and the government at once organized an expeditionary force, under Colonel Wolseley. The force proceeded by way of the lakes, and the Dawson route from Fort William to Lake Winnipeg. Wolseley reached Fort Garry on Aug.
24, 1870, to find that Riel, with his lieutenants Lepine and O'Donoghue, had fled across the border. Riel was subsequently outlawed. =Index=: =C= Its causes, 69. =H= Joseph Howe's official connection with, 227-228.
_See also_ Riel. =Bib.=: Huyshe, _Red River Expedition_; Boulton, _Reminiscences of the North-West Rebellions_; Bryce, _Manitoba_; McArthur, _Causes of the Rising in Red River Settlement_ (Man. Hist. and Sc. Soc., 1882); Denison, _Reminiscences of the Rebellion of 1869_ and _Soldiering in Canada_.
=Riel Rebellion=, 1885. The land question, which had given rise to the Red River Rebellion of 1869-1870, was also responsible for the Saskatchewan Rebellion of 1885. The government had neglected to issue patents to the half-breeds on the Saskatchewan, and they became convinced that their lands would be taken from them. Riel was sent for, and an agitation worked up, at first along peaceful lines, but rapidly moving towards violence. Riel finally threw discretion to the winds, and deliberately inflamed not only the half-breeds, but also the western tribes. A small detachment of Mounted Police and volunteers was attacked at Duck Lake, and the government at Ottawa, hitherto indifferent, awoke to the seriousness of the situation. A force was organized, and sent west under General Middleton. Middleton divided his force into three columns; one under General Strange, to operate against Big Bear in the neighbourhood of Edmonton; the second under Colonel Otter, to relieve Battleford, which was threatened by Poundmaker; and the third, of which he himself took command, to relieve Prince Albert. Middleton met the rebels at Fish Creek, and experienced a stubborn resistance, but drove them back to Batoche. Here Riel and his men held the troops at bay for three days, but were finally routed and scattered. Meanwhile Otter had encountered Poundmaker at Cut Knife Creek, and after a desperate fight had been forced to retreat. In the far west, Strange had a similar experience with Big Bear, but finally drove him to the north. Big Bear gave himself up; Poundmaker and Riel were captured, and the latter paid the penalty of his crimes on the scaffold. =Index=: _See also_ Riel.
=Bib.=: Boulton, _Reminiscences of the North-West Rebellions_; _Report upon the Suppression of the Rebellion in the North-West_; Denison, _Soldiering in Canada_.
=Ripon, Frederick John Robinson, Earl of= (1782-1859). Born in London.
Educated at Harrow and Cambridge. In 1806 entered Parliament; in 1809 appointed under-secretary for the colonies; in 1810 lord of the Admiralty; in 1812 a member of the Privy Council; and paymaster-general of the forces, 1813-1817. Appointed chancellor of the exchequer, 1823, and introduced various fiscal reforms. In 1827 created Viscount G.o.derich; and became leader of the House of Lords and prime minister on the death of Canning. Subsequently filled the portfolios of war, the privy seal, the Board of Trade, and Indian affairs. In 1836 created Earl of Ripon. =Index=: =Mc= Colonial secretary, 1832, 221; inquires into Upper Canada Reformers' grievances, 223, 224; offers Mackenzie the post-office department, 225; deprecates civil war, 226; replies to Mackenzie, 227; relieves religious bodies as to taking oath, 227; stops free gifts of public lands, 227; decides that British subjects not to be disqualified from voting, 228; promotes extension of education, 228; orders account of public moneys, 228; suggests retirement of ecclesiastics as legislative councillors, 229; reduces cost of elections, 229; favours independent judiciary, 229; differs from Mackenzie, 230; Family Compact incensed at, 230; dismisses Hagerman and Boulton, 231, 232; resigns, 235; disallows Bank Acts, 237. =Sy= Resigns, 16. =BL= His despatch to the colony of Upper Canada, 15; pet.i.tion and correspondence as to affairs in Upper Canada, 30. =P= Offers Papineau and his friends control of revenue in exchange for a civil list, 76-79.
=W= Views on crown lands, New Brunswick, 23. =Sy= Liberal statesman, 15; becomes prime minister as Lord G.o.derich, 16; resigns, 16. =Bib.=: _Dict.
Nat. Biog._
=Ripon, George Frederick Samuel Robinson, first Marquess= (1827-).
Succeeded his father as Earl of Ripon, 1859, and his uncle as Earl de Grey the same year. Created marquis, 1871. Has been secretary of state for war, India, the colonies, lord president of the Council, and first lord of the Admiralty. Viceroy of India, 1880-1884. =Index=: =B= Explains proposed scheme of defence for Canada, 184; on committee as to Confederation and defence, 186. =Bib.=: _Who's Who_.
=Ritchie, Sir William Johnstone= (1813-1892). Born in Annapolis, Nova Scotia. Educated at Pictou Academy, Nova Scotia. In 1838 called to the bar of New Brunswick; in 1846-1851 member for St. John in the Legislative a.s.sembly, and in 1854-1855 appointed to the Executive Council. In 1855 became puisne judge of the Supreme Court of New Brunswick; in 1865 chief-justice of New Brunswick; and in 1875 puisne judge of the Supreme Court of Canada. Appointed chief-justice of Canada, 1879; knighted, 1881. =Index=: =T= Elected for St. John County, 10, 12-13; afterwards chief-justice of Canada, 13; moves amendment to address, 18; condemns the government, 22; resigns his seat, 24; returned for St. John County, 30; and surveyor-general question, 33; made chief-justice, New Brunswick, 94. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._
=Riviere aux Raisins.= =S= Boundary of territory dependent on Detroit during British occupation, 145.
=Riviere Ouelle.= South sh.o.r.e of St. Lawrence, below Quebec. =Index=: =F= Alleged repulse of party of New Englanders at, 291.
=Roads.= =BL= Government makes provision for, in 1841, 98-99; winter roads at Quebec, 146-147. _See also_ Yonge Street; Dundas Street; Baldoon Road.
=Roberts, Captain.= =Bk= Commands on Island of St. Joseph, 202, 210; instructed by Brock to capture Michilimackinac, 205; contrary order from Prevost, 210; acts on Brock's order and captures fort, 210, 211, 227.
=Robertson.= =T= Anti-Confederate candidate in St. John County, 109.