Chapter 52
=Michigan Territory.= =Bk= Ceded to Britain with surrender of Detroit, 255, 260.
=Michilimackinac.= A missionary station and fur-trading post, which stood on the straits between Lakes Huron and Michigan. The name was derived from an Algonquian tribe, the Mis.h.i.+nimaki, and in its original form meant "Place of the big wounded person." The name is now shortened to Mackinac. It was an important place throughout the period of French rule in Canada; and was the scene of the famous ma.s.sacre of 1763, described by Alexander Henry, and by Parkman in his _Conspiracy of Pontiac_. =Index=: =Bk= Resort of fur traders, 53; United States fort, captured by Captain Roberts, 211. =S= Handed over to United States, 142.
=MS= Migration of French to, from Detroit, 12. =Hd= Situation of, 145, 153; Sinclair in charge at, 158; an expensive fort to maintain, 161, 163; plan for settling Loyalists near, 259; Haldimand's determination regarding defence of, 260; surrender of, in 1796, 262. =Bib.=: Kelton, _Annals of Fort Mackinac_; Parkman, _Conspiracy of Pontiac_; Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_.
=Micmac Indians.= An Algonquian tribe, called by the French, Souriquois.
Their habitat was in Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and northern New Brunswick. Visited by Cabot in 1497; and by Corte-Real in 1501. They were for a long time bitterly hostile to the British. In 1611 they numbered about 3000; and their population in 1884 was given as 4000.
=Index=: =WM= Indian tribe, enemies of the English, 16; =H= Howe interests himself in their welfare, 245; his report on their condition, 246. =Bib.=: Biard, _Relation_, 1616; Rand, _Micmac Dictionary_; Hodge, _Handbook of American Indians_.
=Middleton, Sir Frederick Dobson= (1825-1898). Born in Belfast, Ireland.
Educated at Sandhurst, and entered the army, 1842. Served in India during the mutiny, 1857-1858. In 1868 stationed in Canada; and in 1884 general in command of the militia of Canada. In 1885 commanded the Canadian troops during the Riel Rebellion, and, for his services in suppressing it, knighted and received a grant of $20,000. Appointed, 1896, keeper of the crown jewels in the Tower of London. _See_ Riel Rebellion, 1885. =Index=: =Md= Commands troops sent to quell Riel Rebellion, 242. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; Denison, _Soldiering in Canada_.
=Milan Decree.= =Bk= Issued by Napoleon in 1808, 110; disastrous effects of, 110-111; 171, 172. =Bib.=: _Dict. Eng. Hist._
=Milbank Sound.= West coast of British Columbia, north of Queen Charlotte Sound, and south of Princess Royal Island. Named in 1788 by Captain Charles Duncan, of the _Princess Royal_, after Vice-admiral Mark Milbanke. =Index=: =D= Natives of, attack the _Atahualpa_, 1805, and kill the captain, mate, and six seamen, 37. =Bib.=: Walbran, _British Columbia Coast Names_.
=Militia and Defence.= =WM= Militia in Canada raised by conscription and receive no pay, 30; composition of military forces, 29-30; desertions, 119. =Dr= French-Canadian militia called out, 86; their unwillingness to serve, 87; their good behaviour at Quebec, 111, 124, 144; lose confidence in British regulars as result of American war, 242; strongly object to being enrolled, 278, 290; Militia Bill of 1777 disliked by _habitants_, 186. =Bk= Military roads in Upper Canada, 52; military posts in Upper Canada, 53-59; militia organization in Upper and Lower Canada, 190; Brock's commendation of militia in general order, 212. =S= Pa.s.sage of Militia Act of Upper Canada, 91. =C= Militia reorganized after Trent affair, and again after Confederation, 87; Cartier's interest in, 87-88, 110. =E= Under French regime, 177-178; Elgin's views on colonial defence, 209-210. =B= Government defeated on Militia Bill of 1862, 142; its terms, 142; disappointment in England over, 142; question of defence one of forces leading towards Confederation, 142, 147, 181, 182; debate in House of Lords on Canadian defence, 181, 183-184; scheme of defence, 184-185, 186; improved militia system advocated by Canada First a.s.sociation, 236. =Md= Bill defeated for better organization of, 88; militia organized, 151.
=Mill, John Stuart= (1806-1873). English philosopher. =Index=: =Sy= Sydenham's acquaintance with, 13. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Miller, James Andrew= (1839-1886). Born in Galt, Ontario. Called to the bar, 1863; judge of the Court of Queen's Bench for Manitoba, 1880-1882; attorney-general of Manitoba, 1882-1885; prepared, along with Oliver Mowat, the special case on the boundaries of Ontario and Manitoba for submission to the Privy Council; registrar-general of t.i.tles of Manitoba, 1885.
=Miller, William.= =H= Anti-Confederationist, changes his views, and moves resolution authorizing Nova Scotia delegates to frame Confederation scheme in London, 179; brings action against Annand for libel, 188.
=Millet, Pierre= (1635-1708). Born at Bourges, France. Came to Canada, 1667; sent to the Onondaga mission the following year; and in 1672 to Oneida, where he remained until 1686, labouring with characteristic devotion among his savage flock. Met Denonville at Cataraqui in 1686, and, as a result of the governor's expedition against the Iroquois, unjustly suspected by the Oneidas of being implicated. Captured by a war-party at Cataraqui, in 1689, and carried back to Oneida as a prisoner. The Oneidas threatened to kill him, but he was finally released, and adopted into the tribe. Remained at Oneida until 1694, when he returned to Quebec, where he spent his latter years. =Index=: =F= Tortured by Oneida Indians, 216. =L= On the Christian character of Garakontie, 73. =Bib.=: Campbell, _Pioneer Priests of North America_.
=Mills, David= (1831-1903). Born in the towns.h.i.+p of Orford, Kent County, Ontario. Educated at the University of Michigan. Taught school for several years; afterwards inspector of schools for Kent County until 1865. In 1867 entered the Dominion Parliament; and in 1876-1878 minister of the interior in Mackenzie administration. In 1883 called to the bar of Ontario; practised in London; and created Q. C., 1890. Appointed to the Senate, 1896; minister of justice in the Laurier administration, 1897; justice of the Supreme Court of Canada, 1901-1903. =Index=: =Md= On national policy, 224. =Bib.=: Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._; Morgan, _Can.
Men_.
=Milnes, Sir Robert Sh.o.r.e= (1746-1836). Born in England. Entered the
Robert Prescott acting governor; retired, 1803. =Index=: =P= His governors.h.i.+p marked by bitter relations between French and English in Lower Canada, 27. =Bk= Lieutenant-governor of Lower Canada, 34, 45; distrusted French-Canadians, 47. =Bib.=: Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.
=Minchin, George.= =W= Appointed to New Brunswick Council, 69.
=Minto, Gilbert John Murray Kynynmond Elliot, Earl= (1847-). Educated at Eton and Cambridge, and entered the army, 1867. Served with the Turkish army, 1877; in the Afghan War, 1879; private secretary to Lord Roberts at the Cape, 1881; took part in the Egyptian campaign, 1882.
Military secretary to the Marquis of Lansdowne when governor-general of Canada, 1883-1885; and in 1885 served through the Riel Rebellion as chief of staff to General Middleton. Governor-general of Canada, 1898-1904; viceroy of India, 1905-1910. =Index=: =Md= On Louis Riel, 240. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_.
=Miristou.= =Ch= Montagnais chief, 159.
=Miscou.= An island on the southern side of the entrance to the Baie de Chaleur. Name probably of Indian origin. First appears in Champlain's narrative. It was the reputed home of the Gougou, a very remarkable monster, described by Champlain. Cartier sighted the island in 1534, when sailing into the Baie de Chaleur. He named Miscou Point, Cap d'Esperance. A Basque establishment is mentioned here as early as 1623; and in 1645 Nicolas Denys built a fort about the same place, having secured a concession from the Company of Miscou. =Index=: =Ch= French habitation at, seized by Kirke, 177; Jesuit mission at, 234, 235.
=Bib.=: Ganong, _Place-Nomenclature of New Brunswick_ (R. S. C., 1896); Denys, _Acadia_, ed. by Ganong; Dawson, _St. Lawrence Basin_.
=Mississagua Indians.= A tribe of Algonquian stock. They are named on Galinee's map of 1670 as occupying the north sh.o.r.e of Lake Huron, about the mouth of Thessalon River. Some were at the mission of Sault Ste.
Marie, 1670-1673. After the great Iroquois raid of 1650, they scattered to the north country. A hundred years later, some of the tribe were found on the borders of Lake Ontario. They had been absorbed by the Iroquois in 1746. About seven hundred are now living on reservations in Ontario. =Index=: =Hd= Engage in ginseng trade, 148; lands purchased from, 265. =Bib.=: Chamberlain, _Notes on the History, Customs and Beliefs of the Mississaguas_; Pilling, _Bibliography of the Algonquian Languages; Jesuit Relations_, ed. by Thwaites.
=Mississagua Point.= =Bk= At entrance to Niagara River, lighthouse, dockyard, and a fort at, 58.
=Mississippi River.= Rises in northern Minnesota, its chief source being Itasca Lake, and enters the Gulf of Mexico, after a course of 2550 miles. It was discovered by the Spaniards, early in the sixteenth century. De Soto explored the lower part of the river, and died on its banks in 1541. Radisson was probably the first white man to see its upper waters, in 1659. Jean Nicolet reached Wisconsin River in 1634, but did not descend it to the Mississippi. Jolliet and Marquette in 1673 reached the Mississippi, and descended as far as the mouth of the Arkansas. In 1682 La Salle descended the river from the mouth of the Illinois to the Gulf of Mexico. Its headwaters were discovered by David Thompson, of the North West Company, in 1798. =Index=: =WM= Exploration of, 19. =L= Exploration of, 145; La Salle reaches mouth of, 150; taken possession of, in name of king of France, 151. =Hd= Proposed ca.n.a.l route to, 77. =Bib.=: Lippincott's _Gazetteer of the World_; Parkman, _La Salle_; Chambers, _The Mississippi River and its Wonderful Valley_.
=Mitch.e.l.l, Peter= (1824-1899). Born in Newcastle, New Brunswick.
Educated at the Newcastle Grammar School; called to the bar, 1848.
Engaged in the lumbering and s.h.i.+pbuilding trades. Elected to the a.s.sembly, 1856; appointed to the Legislative Council, 1860. Became a member of the government, 1858. A strong advocate of Confederation.
Delegate to the Charlottetown, Quebec, and Westminster Conferences.
Premier of New Brunswick, 1865. Called to the Senate, 1867. Entered the government of Sir John A. Macdonald as minister of marine and fisheries, 1867. Resigned from the Senate, 1874, and elected to the House of Commons. Defeated, 1878, but again elected, 1882; defeated at general election of 1896. Appointed inspector of fisheries for Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, 1897. For some years after 1885, proprietor and editor of the _Montreal Herald_. =Index=: =B= Forms government in New Brunswick favourable to Confederation, 188. =H= Accompanies Sir John Macdonald to Halifax in 1868, 210. =Md= Minister of marine and fisheries in first Dominion Cabinet, 135, 138; supports route along Gulf of St.
Lawrence for Intercolonial Railway, 152-153. =T= Delegate to Quebec in Intercolonial Railway Conference, 56; attends Quebec Conference, 77; forms ministry in New Brunswick, 104-105; delegate to England _re_ Confederation, 140-141; in first Dominion ministry, 128, 129. =Bib.=: Works: _Notes of a Holiday Trip_; _Review of President Grant's Message Relative to Canadian Fisheries_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Can. Men_; Dent, _Last Forty Years_.
=Moberley, Walter.= =D= a.s.sociated with Edgar Dewdney in building road from Hope to Similkameen, British Columbia, 252-253.
=Moffatt, George= (1787-1865). Born in England. Emigrated to Canada; and engaged in business in Montreal. Served during the War of 1812. In 1831 appointed to the Legislative Council of Lower Canada, being leader of the British party in that house and a member of the Const.i.tutional a.s.sociation. In 1841 elected for Montreal to the House of a.s.sembly, and in 1844 re-elected, retiring 1847. President of the British American League, formed to oppose the annexation movement of 1849. =Index=: =Sy= Member of Const.i.tutional a.s.sociation, 112; delegated to promote union of provinces in Upper Canada, 112. =Bib.=: Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.
=Mohawk Indians.= A tribe of the Iroquois confederacy. Their villages stood in the valley of the Mohawk River. From their position as the easternmost of the Iroquois tribes, they came first in contact with both the Dutch and English to the south and the French on the north. They took a leading part in most of the wars between the Iroquois and the French, as well as with other tribes. In the Revolutionary War they sided with the British; and afterwards removed to Canada, settling princ.i.p.ally on Grand River, in the Niagara peninsula. _See also_ Iroquois. =Index=: =L= Tracy marches against, 53. =Ch= (Agniers), Iroquois tribe or nation, 50. =Dr= Join British forces, 88; easily depressed by reverses, 99; Caughnawagas desert at St. Johns, 100. =Hd= Loath at first to fight against the English colonists, 148; lands allotted to, on Grand River, 258; payment made to, for land, 259; education of, 265. =F= Attack Hurons on Island of Orleans, 41; Courcelles leads expedition against, 52; Tracy leads a second, 53; expedition against, 331. =Bib.=: Hodge, _Handbook of American Indians_; Diefendorf, _The Historic Mohawk_.
=Mohier, Gervais.= =Ch= Recollet, returns to France, 208.
=Molson, John= (1787-1860). Born in Montreal. In 1837 a member of the Special Council of Lower Canada; served during the Rebellion; in 1849 as a protest against the pa.s.sing of the Rebellion Losses Bill, signed, with others, the Annexation Manifesto, and was in consequence relieved of his commission as colonel of militia and justice of the peace. In partners.h.i.+p with his brother William founded, in 1853, the Molsons Bank.
=Index=: =E= Signs Annexation Manifesto, 81. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel.
Can._; Weir, _Sixty Years in Canada_.
=Monck, Sir Charles Stanley, fourth Viscount= (1819-1894). Born in Ireland. Educated at Trinity College, Dublin; and called to the Irish bar, 1841. Entered Parliament, 1852; lord of the treasury, 1855-1858. In 1861 appointed governor-general of Canada and British North America; in 1867 governor-general of the Dominion of Canada; in 1868 resigned office, after successfully inaugurating Confederation. In 1869 appointed a member of the Imperial Privy Council. =Index=: =B= Attempts to secure a ministry, 149; proposes coalition government, 151; his keen interest in the negotiations prior to Confederation, 157; writes George Brown urging him to join Cabinet, 157-158. =C= Enlists Tache in task of forming a Cabinet, on advice of Cartier, 68; correspondence in regard to Cartier's refusal of the C. B. decoration, 125-128. =Md= Governor-general of Canada, 90; induces Brown to enter coalition ministry, 121; calls on Macdonald to form a ministry, 122; impatient at delay in Confederation, 123, 124; charges Macdonald with formation of a government, 131; letter to, from Macdonald, in reference to election of 1872, 197. =T= Renders valuable a.s.sistance in Confederation scheme, 123; entrusts Macdonald with formation of ministry, 128. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat.
Biog._; Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Pope, _Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_.
=Monckton, Robert= (1726-1782). Born in England. Served in Flanders, 1742; sent to Nova Scotia, 1752, and appointed lieutenant-governor of Annapolis Royal, 1754. In 1755 captured several French forts; in 1759 brigadier-general, and served under Wolfe at the siege of Quebec, where he was wounded. In 1761 promoted major-general, and made governor of New York. In 1762 co-operated with Rodney in the expedition which resulted in the capture of Martinique, Grenada, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent.
=Index=: =WM= Brigadier under Wolfe, character of, 74; occupies village of Beaumont, 100; commands British left in battle of Montmorency, 134, 140, 142; moves up the river with his command to join fleet, 161; at St.
Nicholas, 165; Wolfe's bequest to, 175; commands British right in battle of Plains, 189; wounded, 189. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; Campbell, _History of Quebec_; Wood, _The Fight for Canada_.
=Mondelet, Charles Joseph Elzear= (1801-1877). Born in St. Charles, Quebec. Educated at Nicolet and Montreal. In 1822 called to the bar of Lower Canada; practised at Three Rivers and Montreal. Arrested in 1828 and 1838 for political offences, but never brought to trial. In 1842 district judge for Terrebonne, L'a.s.somption, and Berthier; in 1844 circuit judge at Montreal; and judge of the Superior Court, 1849; appointed judge of the Seigniorial Court, 1855, and in 1858 a.s.sistant judge in Appeals, Court of Queen's Bench. =Index=: =E= Member of Seigniorial Court, 187. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Mondelet, Dominique.= =P= Called to the Council, 72; expelled from Lower Canada a.s.sembly, 72.
=Monk, James.= =Dr= Attorney-general, his account of state of feeling among French Canadians, 278.
=Monmouth.= =S= Battle of, Simcoe at, 26; description of, 26-29.
=Monro, Lieutenant-Colonel.= =WM= In command of Fort William Henry, 45; despatch to, from Webb, intercepted by French, 46. =Bib.=: Bradley, _The Fight with France_.
=Monroe, James= (1758-1831). Fifth president of the United States.
=Index=: =Bk= United States representative in England, presents claims on account of _Chesapeake_ matter, 84; United States secretary of state, purchases the John Henry letters, 187. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Monsabre, Father.= =L= On Laval University, 99.
=Monseignat.= =F= Frontenac's secretary, 260, 297.
=Montagnais Indians.= A tribe of Algonquian stock. Occupied the Saguenay country in 1608, when Champlain visited Tadoussac, and acted as intermediaries between the French and the tribes of the far north. They defeated a party of Iroquois in 1610, with Champlain's a.s.sistance; but paid bitterly for their success in later years, when the warriors of the Five Nations hunted them relentlessly throughout all the region of their northern fastnesses. In 1633 the Jesuits first established missions among them, and laboured diligently for many years among this most degraded of the Algonquian tribes. They are described in modern narratives of exploration and travel in northern Quebec and Labrador.
=Index=: =Ch= Induced to cultivate land near Quebec, 159; allies of the French, 162, 163; murders committed by, 164; give Champlain three young girls to be educated, 165. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Pioneers of France_ and _Jesuits in North America_; Pilling, _Bibliography of Algonquian Languages_; Comeau, _Life and Sport on the North Sh.o.r.e of the Lower St.
Lawrence and Gulf_; Low, _Report on Labrador_ (Geol. Survey, 1895).
=Montagne, Perche, France.= =Ch= Colonists from, 252.
=Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley= (1689-1762). =WM= On death of Wolfe, 239.