Chapter 28
=Fort Simpson.= On coast of British Columbia, near Alaskan boundary.
=Index=: =D= Built by Hudson's Bay Company, at mouth of Naas River, 1831, 116; moved forty miles south, 1834, 120. =Bib.=: Walbran, _British Columbia Coast Names_ (under _Port Simpson_).
=Fort Stanwix.= On Mohawk River, near Lake Oneida. =Index=: =Dr= Unsuccessful attack on, 173. =Hd= Abandonment of by rebels, 151.
=Fort Stikine.= On Stikine River. =Index=: =D= Hudson's Bay Company post, handed over by Russians, 121-122; Rae left in charge of, 122.
=Fort Taku.= =D= Built by Hudson's Bay Company, on Taku River, 121; known as Fort Durham--erected 1840, 122; abandoned, 1843, 178-179.
=Fort Ticonderoga.= _See_ Ticonderoga. =Index=: =Dr= Fort seized by American rebels, 82. =Hd= Carleton's raiders penetrate beyond, 149.
=Fort Umpqua.= =D= Founded in 1832 by Hudson's Bay Company, on route from Fort Vancouver to San Francis...o...b..y, 132.
=Fort Vancouver.= On Columbia River. =Index=: =D= Established by Hudson's Bay Company, in 1824, 47; depot of western department, 72; described, 72, 110; built by John McLoughlin, 111, 113; its importance, 111; range of its operations, 111-112; agriculture at, 128; abandoned, 1849, 145. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of the North-West Coast_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_.
=Fort Vincennes.= =WM= On Wabash River, 22.
=Fort Walla Walla.= Hudson's Bay Company post, on Columbia River.
=Index=: =D= Distributing point for Snake River country, 7.
=Fort Wayne.= =Bk= Expedition to, under Captain Muir, 274, 275.
=Fort William.= At mouth of Kaministiquia River, Lake Superior. =Index=: =D= Headquarters of North West Company, 59. =MS= Replaces Grand Portage, 13; named after William MacGillivray, 100; Selkirk at, with the De Meuron soldiers, 189. =Bib.=: Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_.
=Fort William Henry.= On Lake George. =Index=: =WM= Siege and destruction of, 37, 42-46; ensuing ma.s.sacre, 47-52. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_.
=Fort Yale.= =D= Founded in 1848, by the Hudson's Bay Company, on Fraser River, 186.
=Fort Yukon.= Built by Alexander Hunter Murray of the Hudson's Bay Company, at the mouth of Porcupine River in 1847. John Bell had descended the Porcupine to its mouth in 1844. Although Fort Yukon was on Russian territory, the Company maintained it until the sale of Alaska to the United States, when they were summarily ejected, 1869. The Company thereupon moved up the Porcupine to the Ramparts, where they built Rampart House, then supposed to be on British territory, but proved to be west of the boundary. The fort was moved twelve miles up the river, and in 1890 was again moved to the eastward. =Index=: =D= Built by Murray (not Bell) near mouth of Porcupine River, 125. =Bib.=: Murray, _Journal_ (Canadian Archives, 1910).
=Forts.= _See also_ Carillon, Chambly, Crown Point, Frontenac, Kaministiquia, Miami, Michilimackinac, Niagara, St. Johns, Sorel, Three Rivers, Ticonderoga, Western Forts.
=Foster, Captain.= =Dr= Captures American post at Cedars, 142; gives up his prisoners under agreement with Arnold, 143.
=Foster, George Eulas= (1847-). Born in Carleton County, New Brunswick.
Entered political life as member for King's County, New Brunswick, in the Dominion House of Commons, 1882; minister of marine and fisheries, 1885; minister of finance, 1888-1896. Elected for York, New Brunswick, 1896; and for Toronto North, 1904. =Index=: =Md= Minister of finance in Macdonald administration--moves amendment to Sir Richard Cartwright's resolution on unrestricted reciprocity, 299. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_.
=Foster, S. K.= =T= Candidate for St. John, New Brunswick, defeated, 25.
=Fothergill, Charles.= =Mc= Attacks Mackenzie in Upper Canada _Gazette_, 38; accuses Mackenzie of disloyalty, 99; moves to pay Mackenzie for report of debates, 102, 103; dismissed from position of king's printer, 110. =Bib.=: Dent, _Upper Canadian Rebellion_.
=Foucher, Jean.= =Ch= Chief farmer at Cap Tourmente, informs Champlain of destruction of establishment at Tadoussac, 176.
=Fouez.= _See_ St. Maurice River.
=Fournier, Telesph.o.r.e= (1824-1896). Studied law, and called to the bar, 1846; one of princ.i.p.al editorial writers on _Le National_; elected to the House of Commons for Bellecha.s.se, 1870; minister of inland revenue, in Mackenzie government, 1873; minister of justice, 1874; postmaster-general, 1875. Appointed judge of Supreme Court the latter year; resigned, 1895. =Index=: =C= One of the leaders of the Quebec Liberals, 24; a popular speaker, 25; kept in opposition by radical programme, 29. =Bib.=:
=Fox, Charles James= (1749-1806). British statesman. =Index=: =Dr= Thought Quebec Act should have been introduced in Commons, 66; discusses Const.i.tutional Act in House of Commons, 265. _S_ Discusses Const.i.tutional Bill in House of Commons, 9. =Bk= Death of, 80. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Russell, _Life of Fox_; Trevelyan, _Early Life of Fox_; Egerton and Grant, _Canadian Const.i.tutional Development_.
=France.= =F= Condition of, in 1675-1676, 150, 151. =Dr= Declares war against Britain, 271; anger in, on conclusion of Jay Treaty, 287; refugees from, permitted to enter Canada, 289; some dangerous characters arrive from, 289; takes revenge on Britain in American Revolution, 269.
=Franchere, Gabriel= (1786-1856). Born at Montreal. Joined the Pacific Fur Company, organized by John Jacob Astor, and sailed from New York for the mouth of the Columbia, 1810. Returned overland, reaching Montreal in September, 1814. Continuing in the fur trade, established at Sault Ste.
Marie in 1834; and later in New York. =Bib.=: _Relation d'un Voyage a la Cote du Nord-Ouest de l'Amerique Septentrionale_, trans. by J. V.
Huntington. For biog., _see_ Morice, _Dict._; Bibaud, _Pan. Can._
=Franchise Act, 1885.= =Md= Its terms, 258-259; fiercely opposed by Liberals, 259-260; repealed by Laurier administration, 260. =Bib.=: Pope, _Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_; Willison, _Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party_.
=Francois Xavier, Saint.= =L= Patron saint of Canada, 87.
=Franklin, Benjamin= (1706-1790). American statesman and philosopher.
=Index=: =Dr= Heads commission to enquire into affairs in Canada, 135; his report, 136. =WM= Did not believe British colonies would revolt, 269. =Bib.=: _Autobiography_; _Complete Works_, ed. by Bigelow. For biog., _see Cyc. Amer. Biog._; _also_ Larned, _Lit. Am. Hist._
=Franklin, Sir John= (1786-1847). Served at Trafalgar, in the _Bellerophon_. Headed overland expedition of 1819-1822, from York Factory by way of Great Slave Lake, to the mouth of the Coppermine, and the Arctic coast; and second expedition, 1825-1827, in which he continued his explorations of the northern coast of the continent.
Started on third expedition, by sea, 1845, to make North-West Pa.s.sage.
The s.h.i.+ps had to be abandoned, and Franklin and all his men perished in the attempt to reach one of the remote northern posts of the Hudson's Bay Company. =Bib.=: Works: _Journey to the Sh.o.r.es of the Polar Sea, 1823_; _Second Expedition to the Sh.o.r.es of the Polar Sea_. For biog., _see_ Richardson, _Arctic Searching Expedition_; Rae, _Narrative_; McClintock, _Narrative of the Fate of Sir John Franklin_; Osborn, _Career, Last Voyage, and Fate of Sir John Franklin_; _Dict. Nat. Biog._
=Franklin, Michael.= Born in England. Came to Halifax, 1752. Elected to the a.s.sembly, 1759; appointed to the Council, 1762; lieutenant-governor, 1766. Organized the militia of the province, 1776-1777: largely instrumental in securing the peace of Nova Scotia during the Revolutionary War. Appointed commissioner of Indian affairs. Died, 1782.
=Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_.
=Fraser.= =Dr= Appointed judge, 183.
=Fraser, Captain.= =Dr= His connection with the Walker case, 19, 36, 38.
=Fraser, Duncan Cameron= (1845-1910). Born in New Glasgow, Nova Scotia.
Educated at Dalhousie University; studied law and called to the bar of Nova Scotia, 1873. Appointed to the Legislative Council, 1878, but resigned same year to run for the a.s.sembly. Again called to the Legislative and Executive Councils, 1888. Sat in the House of Commons for Guysborough, 1891-1904; appointed a judge of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia, 1904; lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1906-1910.
=Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_.
=Fraser, John James.= =T= Opposition candidate in York County, 86; opposes Confederation, 87; afterwards governor of New Brunswick, 87; defeated in York, 108. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_.
=Fraser, Captain Malcolm.= =Dr= Of Royal Emigrants, 112, 124; with Laws on rear attack on Arnold, 130; in charge at Three Rivers, 144; repulses Thompson's attack, 145. =D= Grandfather of Dr. John McLoughlin, 94; brings Highland Regiment to Canada, 94; settles on St. Lawrence seigniory, 95. =Bib.=: Wrong, _A Canadian Manor and its Seigneurs_.
=Fraser, Simon= (1776?-1862). Brought to Canada as a child from New York state, his widowed mother settling near Cornwall. Joined the North West Company in 1792, and ten years later became a _bourgeois_ or partner.
Served for a time at Grand Portage, and sent to the Athabaska district; in 1805, when the Company decided to carry its operations beyond the Rocky Mountains, put in charge of the new field. After establis.h.i.+ng trading-posts in New Caledonia, now northern British Columbia, set out from Fort St. James on Stuart Lake, with Jules Maurice Quesnel, and a party of voyageurs and Indians, upon the exploration of the great river that bears his name. In 1811 promoted to the charge of the Red River department, and offered knighthood as a recognition of his services in the cause of exploration, but declined the honour. Was present at the Seven Oaks affair, when Governor Semple of the Hudson's Bay Company lost his life. Retired from the fur trade about the time of the coalition of the Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company. =Index=: =D= In service of North West Company, 57; ordered to extend operations of Company west of Rocky Mountains, 59; reaches Fraser River, 1806, 59; builds forts on Stuart Lake and Fraser River, 59; ordered to explore river to the sea, 60; his journey down the Fraser, 60-61; proves Tacouche Tesse not the Columbia, 61; builds Rocky Mountain House and other posts, 97-98; given command of Red River department, 1811, 98; offered and declines knighthood, 98; dies, 1862, at age of 86, 98. =MS= Sent to explore New Caledonia, 108; crosses Rocky Mountains, 1806, and builds fort on Stuart River, 108; his journey down the Fraser, 108-110; arrested by Selkirk at Fort William, 189. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of the North-West Coast_; Ma.s.son, _Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest_; Morice, _Northern Interior of British Columbia_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_; Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_.
=Fraser River.= Rises in Rocky Mountains, and flows into Strait of Georgia. Its upper waters discovered by Alexander Mackenzie, 1793; and first explored down to its mouth by Simon Fraser, 1808. The total length of the river is 695 miles. =Index=: =D= Mackenzie on, 54; supposed to be the Oregon, 54; native name Tacouche Tesse, 54; mistaken for the Columbia, 59; Simon Fraser on, 60-61; described, 60-61; route of fur-brigades changed to, from the Columbia, 186. =MS= Mackenzie on, 77-79; Fraser on, 108-109. =Bib.=: Fraser _Journal_ in Ma.s.son, _Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest_.
=Fraser's Highlanders.= =WM= Captain of, replies to French sentries in French, 180. =Bib.=: Kelly, _The Fighting Frasers of the Forty-Five and Quebec_.
=Frechette, Louis= (1839-1908). Practised law, and then journalism.
Represented Levis in the House of Commons, 1874-1878. Chiefly known as a poet. Two of his poems were crowned by the French Academy, 1880, and he was granted the first Montyon prize. =Index=: =Hd= His poem on Du Calvet, 292. =Bib.=: Works: _Mes Loisirs; La Voix d'un Exile_; _Pele Mele_; _Les Fleurs Boreales_; _Legende d'un Peuple_; _Les Feuilles Volantes_; _Lettres Basile_; _Originaux et Detra-ques_; _Lettres sur l'Education_. For biog., _see_ Dent, _Can. Por._; Morgan, _Can. Men_; Tache, _Men of the Day_; Chapman, _Le Laureat_; Sauvalle, _Le Laureat Manque_.
=Fredericton.= Capital of New Brunswick. Situated on the west bank of the St. John River. Founded by Sir Guy Carleton in 1785, and named by him after the Duke of York. =Index=: =W= Popular demonstration at, 46; education in, 85-86. =T= Abandonment of government house, 138-139.
=Bib.=: Hannay _History of New Brunswick_.
=Fredin, Jean.= =L= House of charity established by, 245.
=Free Trade.= =B= Its effect on Canadian invasion, 15, 31-32; recommended by Reform convention of 1857, 217; advocated by George Brown, 47, 233. =C= Peel's measure (1846) kills Canadian industries, 43-44; Cartier's views on, 115-116. =E= Protest from Canadian a.s.sembly, 29; discussed in Legislature, 45; effects of, on Canada, 57-58. =T= Unpopular in New Brunswick, 9.
=Freeman.= Newspaper published at St. John, New Brunswick. =Index=: =T= Edited by T. W. Anglin, 85.