Chapter 77
=Tucker, R. G.= =Sy= Appointed provincial registrar, 332.
=Tuffet, Jean.= =Ch= Director of Company of New France, 170.
=Tupper, Charles= (1794-1881). Born in Cornwallis, Nova Scotia. At the age of twenty-one entered the ministry of the Baptist Church. Held charges at various places in Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island.
Settled at Amherst, where he became princ.i.p.al of the Grammar School, 1834. Appointed princ.i.p.al of the Baptist Seminary at Fredericton, New Brunswick, 1838. Returned to Amherst, 1840. Settled at Aylesford, 1851, where he remained until his death. =Bib.=: Hill, _Forty Years with the Baptist Ministers and Churches of the Maritime Provinces of Canada_.
=Tupper, Sir Charles, Bart.= (1821-). Born at Amherst, Nova Scotia.
Educated at Acadia College, and at Edinburgh. In 1843 graduated M.D., and won the diploma of the Edinburgh Royal College of Surgeons. For some years practised medicine at Amherst, Nova Scotia. In 1855 began his political career, being elected to the Nova Scotia Legislature for c.u.mberland County. In 1856, when the Johnstone Cabinet was formed, became provincial secretary, serving until 1860. From 1864 to 1867 prime minister of Nova Scotia. In 1867 elected member for c.u.mberland to the first Dominion Parliament; president of the Privy Council, 1870; minister of inland revenue, 1872-1873; minister of customs, 1873; minister of public works, 1878; minister of railways and ca.n.a.ls, 1879-1884. Held the position of high commissioner for Canada in England, 1884-1887; and was member of the Fisheries Conference, 1887. Returning to Canada, was appointed minister of finance, 1887. Created a baronet, 1888. Again became high commissioner, 1888, holding the position until 1896. Returned to Canada, 1896; leader of the House of Commons in the Bowell administration; four months later on the retirement of Sir M.
Bowell, prime minister of Canada, but was not upheld at the polls on June 23, 1896. From 1896 to 1900 leader of the Opposition in the House of Commons, but being defeated in the election of 1906, retired from active political life. =Index=: =E= Leads movement for Imperial Zollverein, 59, 101. =B= Tours Canada with other delegates after Quebec Conference, 166. =C= Secures baronetcy for Cartier, 128; his letter to Duke of Buckingham, 129. =H= Establishes free school system in Nova Scotia, 1864, 80; meets Joseph Howe on political platform in c.u.mberland County, 1852, 155-156; defeats him in 1855, 156-157; leads opposition in Legislature, 163; uses Howe's attack on Irish Roman Catholics as a handle to overthrow the government, 163-164; becomes provincial secretary, 167; his fight in Legislature to keep government in office, 168; his retrenchment scheme, 1863, 171; elected by acclamation in c.u.mberland, 171-172; becomes leader of government, 172; quotes Howe against himself in Confederation controversy, 173; his scheme for union of Maritime Provinces, 175-180; advocates Confederation, 186-189; forms provincial government, 1867, 198; offered but declines seat in first Dominion Cabinet, 198; stumps the province against Howe, 199; sole advocate of Confederation elected in Nova Scotia, 202; secures recruits from the other side, 203; opposes Nova Scotia repealers in London, 204-205; his interview with Howe, 205-206; letter to Macdonald, 207; urges Macdonald to visit Nova Scotia, 209; contributes political articles to magazines, 258. =Md= Premier of Nova Scotia, arranges Conference at Charlottetown, to discuss Confederation, 104; attends Conference at Quebec, 104-114; pa.s.ses through the House a law establis.h.i.+ng compulsory education, 116; Macdonald's first lieutenant, 139; opposes Howe's pet.i.tion to home government for repeal of British North America Act, 143-144; letter from Macdonald, 184; supports Macdonald and national policy, 220; his co-operation with Macdonald, 269-270; summoned from his post of high commissioner to a.s.sist in election campaign of 1891, 315. =T= Favourable to uniform tariff for Maritime Provinces, 70; delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 73; to Quebec Conference, 76; presented to the queen, 124; given a C. B., 132.
=Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Morgan, _Can. Men_; Thibault, _Biography of Sir Charles Tupper_; Saunders, _Three Premiers of Nova Scotia_; Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_.
=Tupper, Sir Charles Hibbert= (1855-). Son of Sir Charles Tupper.
Educated at McGill University, and at the Harvard Law School. Called to the bar of Nova Scotia, 1877. Sat in the House of Commons, 1882-1891 and 1896-1900; minister of marine and fisheries, 1888-1895; minister of justice, 1895-1896. Agent for the British government at the Paris arbitration, 1892. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_.
=Turcotte, J. G.= =E= Commissioner under Seigniorial Tenure law, 186.
=Turgiss, Father Charles.= =Ch= Jesuit missionary at Miscou, 234. =L= Dies of plague, 62.
=Turner, Philip.= Entered the service of the Hudson's Bay Company about 1779, and carried out important surveys for the Company. Stationed at c.u.mberland House in 1789, and while there gave David Thompson instruction in practical astronomy. Between 1790 and 1792 made a survey of Lake Athabaska, and of the canoe route from c.u.mberland House to Great Slave Lake. Dr. J. G. Kohl says that his ma.n.u.script journal of a _Journey from c.u.mberland-house towards the Athapiscow Country and back to York Factory, 1790-1792_, is preserved in the archives of the Hudson's Bay Company at London. His map of this region, the original of which is also in the Hudson's Bay Archives, is reproduced in Burpee's _Search for the Western Sea_. His careful survey of Lake Athabaska was important in that it corrected Peter Pond's crude map, which placed the western end of the lake as far west as 131, and so gave rise to the impression that the lake was within easy reach of the Pacific Ocean.
=Index=: =MS= Sent west to explore by Hudson's Bay Company, 57; meets Alexander Mackenzie, 57; winters at Chipewyan, 57; determines its position, 57. =Bib.=: Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_.
=Tuscarora Indians.= A tribe of the Iroquois family, dwelling chiefly in North Carolina. In 1722 they were adopted into the league of the Iroquois in New York, forming the sixth nation. There are now a few hundreds living on the Six Nations Reserve, Grand River, Ontario.
=Index=: =Hd= Incorporated in Indian confederacy, 148. =Bib.=: _See_ Iroquois; Six Nations.
=Twelve Resolutions.= Presented by Joseph Howe before the a.s.sembly of Nova Scotia in 1837. They embody those principles of const.i.tutional government for which he so long and strenuously contended. =Index=: =H= Presented by Howe, 39; his speech, 39-40, 41; pa.s.sed by the a.s.sembly, 42; resented by Legislative Council, 42; rescinded on motion of Howe, 43-44; embodied in address to the crown, 44;
=Twiss, Captain.= =Hd= Of the Royal Engineers, superintends fortification of, 183; takes over plans to England, 184; employed on St.
Lawrence ca.n.a.ls, 184, 185, 186; visits Haldimand in London, 327.
=Ulloa, Antonia de= (1716-1795). Born in Seville, Spain. Studied at Seville, and in 1733 entered the navy. Accompanied astronomical expedition to Brazil, 1735; and also that of 1744 to observe the comet.
In 1745 taken prisoner at Louisbourg by the British. On the intercession of the Royal Society of London, released, and elected an a.s.sociate of the society in 1746. In 1760 made rear-admiral, and in 1764 governor of Louisiana. In 1770 appointed lieutenant-general of the Spanish naval forces. The remainder of his life was chiefly occupied in establis.h.i.+ng schools of natural history and metallurgy, and in the promotion of naval and astronomical objects. =Index=: =Hd= Spanish governor of Louisiana, 79.
=Uniacke, James Boyle.= Son of Richard John Uniacke. Practised law in Nova Scotia. Entered the Legislature some time before 1837. Appointed to the Executive Council, 1840, and in 1848 formed an administration in which he took the office of attorney-general. Appointed commissioner of crown lands, 1853. Died soon after. =Index=: =H= Virtual leader of Tory party in Nova Scotia, in 1837, 35; resists Howe's plans for responsible government, 49; leads government side in Legislature up to 1840, 57; resigns from Council, 63; joins forces with Howe, 64; appointed to Council by Lord Falkland, 69; unsuccessful candidate for speakers.h.i.+p, 74; retires from government, 87; moves want of confidence in government, 97-99, 107; forms administration, 107, 110; becomes attorney-general, 111; legislation, 115; delegate to Portland Railway Convention, 121; becomes commissioner of crown lands, 145. =B= Submits scheme of colonial union to Imperial authorities in 1805, 129. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_; Saunders, _Three Premiers of Nova Scotia_.
=Uniacke, Richard John= (1753-1830). Born at Castletown, County Cork, Ireland. Emigrated to the West Indies, 1773; went from there to Philadelphia the following year; and induced by Moses Delesdernier, who was interested in the settlement of certain lands near Fort c.u.mberland, to come to Nova Scotia. In 1776 arrested as a sympathizer with the rebellious colonists; pardoned, and returned to Ireland, where he studied law. Returned to Nova Scotia in 1781, and admitted to the bar the same year; appointed solicitor-general, 1782. Entered House of a.s.sembly as member for Sackville, 1783, and from the beginning took an active part in public affairs. Chosen Speaker, 1789. Appointed attorney-general, 1797, and held the office until the time of his death.
Again Speaker, 1799. Appointed to the Council, 1808. Died at Mount Uniacke. =Bib.=: Power, _Richard John Uniacke_ (N. S. Hist. Soc.
_Coll._, vol. 9); Murdoch, _History of Nova Scotia_.
=Union of 1841.= =H= Act did not concede full measure of responsible government, 53. =BL= Planned by Sydenham, 60-61; bitterly opposed in Lower Canada, 61; protested against by La Fontaine, 61, 70; att.i.tude of Upper Canada, 61-68; opposed by Chief-Justice Robinson, 61-62; Act of Union enacted--its terms, 68-69; proclaimed Feb. 10, 1841, 69; seat of government, 73; provision as to language of Legislature denounced by La Fontaine, 128; boundaries of Quebec const.i.tuencies, 146; slight influence on force of racial discussion, 282. =P= Union first proposed in 1822, bill introduced in British House of Commons that year, 43-44; pet.i.tion against, 44; Papineau and Neilson go to England to oppose bill, 44-53; bill suggested by Ellice of Beauharnois, 47; bill withdrawn, 53; repeal of, demanded by Papineau, 167; accepted by La Fontaine, 170; protest of French Canadians, 170; defended by La Fontaine, 173-176; Papineau's criticism of, 181-182. =C= Recommended by Durham, 12; approved by Special Council, 12; and by Upper Canada Legislative a.s.sembly, 13; terms demanded by Upper Canada, 13; Poulett Thomson secures modifications of, 14; French Canadians protest against, 15; La Fontaine protests against, 96; concedes ministerial responsibility, 97.
=E= Unsatisfactory working of, when Elgin came to Canada, 4-5; its terms, 22-23; described by La Fontaine as "an act of injustice and despotism," 24; unsatisfactory to French Canadians, 25; Elgin proposes repeal of clause restricting use of the French language, 55; restrictions removed, 1849, 61; increase of representation under, 117; clauses relating to Legislative Council repealed, 120; amendment to representation, 122-123. =Sy= Recommended in Lord Durham's Report, 94; advocated by Const.i.tutional a.s.sociations of Quebec and Montreal, 112; favoured by Legislative a.s.sembly of Canada on certain conditions, 113, 114; opposed by Legislative Council, 113, 115; strongly opposed by French Canadians, 117; favoured by English element in Lower Canada, 117; Lord John Russell's speech and resolutions with reference to, 117-122; diverse views regarding, 191, 192; question submitted to Special Council of Lower Canada, 192; their report on, 193; question discussed in press, 193, 194; submitted to Upper Canada Legislature, 203; carried in a.s.sembly, 207; Attorney-General Hagerman argues strongly against, 207-209; carried in Legislative Council, 209; supported by general body of Reformers, 213; anti-union resolutions pa.s.sed at Quebec, 233; in favour of union, 235; royal a.s.sent given to Act, 271; as drafted by Sydenham, provided for munic.i.p.al inst.i.tutions, 273; munic.i.p.al clauses struck out of bill, 275; object of, to insure a British future for the country, 283. =Md= Embodies theory of responsible government, 17; provides that proceedings of Legislature be printed in English only, 24.
=Mc= Bill introduced by Lord John Russell, 405; Poulett Thomson sent to secure consent of Canada to, 405; bill introduced a second time, 405.
=Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_; McMullen, _History of Canada_; Bourinot, _Const.i.tutional History of Canada_; Egerton and Grant, _Canadian Const.i.tutional Doc.u.ments_; Houston, _Const.i.tutional Doc.u.ments_; Turcotte, _Canada sous l'Union_; Robinson, _Canada and the Canada Bill_; Bonnycastle, _Canada in 1841_.
=United States.= =Bk= Purchase of Louisiana by, 42; consequent change of att.i.tude towards Great Britain, 43; growing hostility of, to England, 73; British armed vessels ordered to leave United States forts, 83; lays embargo on its own vessels, 85; their vessels seized under Berlin Decrees, 105; indemnity paid therefor, 122; occupation of West Florida, 139; growing hostility to Great Britain, 172; declares war, 193, 203, 208. =Bib.=: Rhodes, _History of the United States_.
=Universities.= _See_ Acadia; Dalhousie; King's; Knox; Laval; McGill; Ottawa; Queen's; Toronto; Trinity; Victoria; McMaster; Manitoba; Saskatchewan; Alberta; Western; St. Francis Xavier; Mount Allison; New Brunswick.
=University, Provincial.= =Mc= Mackenzie's views on, 95.
=University Endowment.= =Md= Scheme opposed by Strachan, 28-29.
=Unrestricted Reciprocity.= =Md= Adopted by Liberal party, 262; campaign in favour of, 292; Goldwin Smith supports, 292; favoured by interprovincial conference, 297; movement arouses suspicion, 300; Farrer's pamphlet, 312-314. _See also_ Reciprocity; Commercial Union.
=Upper Canada.= The name originally applied by General Murray to the Montreal district, in 1760. Under the terms of the Const.i.tutional Act of 1791, the country was divided into two provinces, and the name Upper Canada applied to the western province. The population at that time was made up chiefly of United Empire Loyalists from the United States. In 1841 Upper and Lower Canada were reunited; and in 1867 Upper Canada again became a separate province, under the name of Ontario (_q.v._).
=Index=: =B= Federal union of all British North American provinces not acceptable to, 155; feeling in favour of Confederation all but unanimous, 166; parliamentary representation of, 172-173. =E= First railroad in, 99; political parties organized in, 148. =Bk= Population of, 49; commerce, 50; lack of public buildings, 50. =Sy= Its political condition described by Sydenham, 200-202; opening of Legislature, 203; equality of representation with Lower Canada proposed for, 204; defects in its administration, 221-223; Sydenham enthusiastic over its soil and climate, 268; larger part of its revenue collected in Lower Canada, 316; its public works burdensome, its revenue small, 317. =S= Condition of, in 1782, 51; division of, into counties, 80; population of, 115; population of, largely composed of dissenters, 159; Simcoe presents books and premium in money to Agricultural Society of, 175. =BL= Coming of the Loyalists, 5; population in 1811, 8; political situation after 1815, 9, 16, 17; munic.i.p.al history of, 297-298. =Sy= Defects in administration described by Sydenham, 221-223; his endeavours to remedy by reorganization of public departments, 331. =R= Religious life in pioneer days, 10-11; character of the people, 35-36; movement for civil and religious equality in, 42-43, 61-63; population, 51; growth of popular government, 64-66, 120-132. =Mc= State of representation in Mackenzie's committee on, 171; report on, 175, 176. _See also_ Ontario.
=Upper Canada Academy.= =R= Established by Methodists, June, 1836, 135; Ryerson on, 137-138; difficulty of raising funds, 138-139; Ryerson sent to England to obtain funds and secure royal charter, 139-141; his success, 142; Rev. Matthew Richey first princ.i.p.al, 142; financial a.s.sistance from government, 142-143; becomes Victoria College, 1841, 143; continued as preparatory school for Victoria College, 155. =BL= Incorporated by Methodists in 1836 at Cobourg, 193; power to grant degrees conferred in 1841, 193; name changed to Victoria College, 194.
_See also_ Victoria College.
=Upper Canada College, Toronto.= Originally established in 1807 as the Home District Grammar School of York, the first princ.i.p.al of which was Dr. G. O. Stuart, who was succeeded by Dr. Strachan in 1813. In 1816 a new building was erected, popularly known as the "Old Blue School."
Upper Canada College proper dates from 1829, when provision was made by the government for its establishment. In 1891 the college was moved to the present building in Deer Park. =Index=: =BL= Land grant for, in 1831, 191-192. =Bib.=: Adam and d.i.c.kson, _Upper Canada College_; _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 4.
=Upper Canada Gazette.= =Mc= Official organ of the house, 38, 109-110.
=Upper Canada Gazette or American Oracle.= =S= First paper published in Upper Canada, 172, 173; removed to York, 174. =Bk= First published at Newark (Niagara), 57.
=Urfe, Abbe d'.= =F= Haughtily treated by Frontenac, 110. =L= Sulpician, arrival of, 105.
=Ursulines.= A religious order of women, in the Roman Catholic Church, founded in 1535 at Brescia, by Angela Merici. The order was established in France in 1584, and spread to Germany and other European countries.
In 1639 four members of the order, Madame de la Peltrie, Marie de l'Incarnation, Marie de St. Bernard, and another not named, sailed from Dieppe for Quebec, where they were lodged at first in wooden huts, in what is now the Lower Town. Three years later, they took possession of the ma.s.sive stone convent still occupied by the order. =Index=: =L= Establishment of convent, 8; Laval lodges with, for a time, 33; their educational work, 125; its great influence for good, 155; convent destroyed by fire, 210. =F= Foundation of convent, 28, 30; Marguerite Bourgeoys urged to join, 39. =WM= Take refuge in general hospital, 115; and render a.s.sistance there, 153; return to their convent, 237. =Bib.=: _Les Ursulines de Quebec_.
=Usury Laws.= =Sy= Their repeal advocated by Sydenham, 18.
=Utrecht, Treaty of.= Between France and Great Britain, signed in 1713.
Provided for the restoration and full surrender of all claims to the Hudson Bay Territory, to Acadia, and to Newfoundland by France; for compensation to the Hudson's Bay Company; for certain rights to fis.h.i.+ng on the north-east coast of Newfoundland; and the possession of Cape Breton by France. =Index=: =Ch= Determines boundaries of Acadia, 18.
=Bib.=: Hertslet, _Treaties and Conventions_.
=Vaccination.= =Hd= Subject discussed in Quebec _Gazette_, 228-231. _See also_ Smallpox.
=Vail, Edwin Arnold= (1817-1885). Born in Suss.e.x, New Brunswick. Studied medicine at Edinburgh and Glasgow Universities. Elected to the New Brunswick a.s.sembly, 1857; Speaker, 1865, and again in 1870; a member of the government, 1883. A strong opponent of Confederation.
=Vaillant.= =F= Jesuit father, sent as negotiator to Albany, 218.
=Valdes, Cayetano.= Accompanied Maurelle and Galiano to North-West Coast, 1792. =Index=: =D= Explores North-West Coast, 35; meets Vancouver, 35; his journal published at Madrid, 1802, 36. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of the North-West Coast_.
=Valiniere.= =Hd= Sulpician priest, banished for disloyalty, 128.
=Vallieres de St. Real, Joseph-Remi= (1787-1847). Born in Markham, Upper Canada. Called to the bar, 1812, and practised in Quebec. In 1813 elected member for the county of Chambly in the provincial a.s.sembly, and later chosen Speaker in the absence of Papineau in England. In 1828 appointed judge of the district of Three Rivers, and in 1842 chief-justice of Montreal. =Index=: =P= Opposes Papineau in Lower Canada a.s.sembly, 57; rivalry between the two, 57; attacked by Papineau, 169.
=E= Appointed chief-justice of Montreal by Sir Charles Bagot, 31. =BL= Colborne's political antagonist, 115; elevated to the bench, 115.
=Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.
=Valrennes, De.= =L= Commander of Fort Frontenac, 223; repels attack of Schuyler, 232. =F= Commandant at Fort Frontenac, 233; tries to cut off retreat of Peter Schuyler at Chambly, 313.
=Van Buren, Martin= (1782-1862). Eighth president of the United States.
=Index=: =Mc= Anxious to avoid war with Britain, 423; issues neutrality proclamation, 444; annoyed at Mackenzie, 445; pardons Mackenzie, 458; his political death-blow, 472. =WT= Sends Winfield Scott to settle Aroostook War, 135. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._
=Vancouver.= =D= Hudson's Bay Company vessel, 183.