Chapter 40
[374] Hopkins, _Religions of India_, p. 196.
[375] Gruppe, _Griechische Mythologie_, p. 888 ff.; Jevons, _Introduction to the History of Religion_, p. 375; Harrison, _Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion_, p. 150 ff.
[376] Lev. xvi.
[377] Fowler, _Roman Festivals_, Index, s.v.
[378] The native name of the festival, _puskita_ (busk), is said to mean 'a fast,' but the ceremonies are largely purificatory; Gatschet, _Migration Legend of the Creeks_, p.
177 ff.
[379] Rivers, _The Todas_, p. 300 ff.
[380] _Odyssey_, iv, 730.
[381] Westermarck, _Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas_, ii, 352; Dixon, _The Northern Maidu_, p. 269 f.
[382] H. Webster, _Primitive Secret Societies_, chap. ix; G.
Brown, _Melanesians and Polynesians_, pp. 60-78.
[383] Lev. viii; cf. Copleston, _Buddhism_, chap. xviii; Lippert, _Priesterthum_ (see references in the headings to the chapters).
[384] So in some Christian bodies.
[385] The details are given at great length by Westermarck, op. cit., chap. x.x.xvii, with references to authorities.
[386] It is by nature nonsacred, and so remains so long as it has not been made sacred by the special ceremonies that abound in savage communities. We have here the germ of the dualistic conception of man's const.i.tution--the antagonism between spirit and body.
[387] Hollis, _The Nandi_, pp. 58, 92.
[388] Cf. the danger to a common man of eating a chief's food; see Frazer, _Golden Bough_, 2d ed., i, 321 f.
[389] Frazer, In _Journal of the Anthropological Inst.i.tute_, xv, 94, quoted by Westermarck.
[390] H. Spencer, _Principles of Sociology_, i, --
[391] In Christianity in connection with the eucharistic meal and other observances.
[392] The true principle is stated in Isa. lviii, 3 ff.
[393] Cf. article "Calendar" in Hastings, _Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics_.
[394] For a series of dance seasons see Dixon, _The Northern Maidu_, p. 283 ff.; cf. Ba.s.set, in Hastings, _Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics_, ii, 513.
[395] Hollis, _The Nandi_, p. 94 ff.
[396] Hollis, _The Masai_, Index, s.v. _Moon_.
[397] Rivers, _The Todas_, Index, s.v. _Moon_.
[398] Hastings, _Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics_, ii, 835.
[399] 1 Sam. xx, 6 (clan festival); Isa. i, 13; Numb.
xxviii, 11.
[400] Hastings, op. cit., ii, 555.
[401] Lev. xxiii, 33; Ps. lx.x.xi, 4 [3]. On the Sabbath as perhaps full-moon day, see below, -- 608.
[402] Hopkins, _Religions of India_, p. 449 ff.
[403] Buckley, in Saussaye's _Lehrbuch der Religionsgeschichte_, 2d ed., p. 83.
[404] Jastrow, _Religion of Babylonia and a.s.syria_, p. 677 ff.
[405] Lev. xxiii, 23 f.; Numb. xxix, 1 ff. The Hebrew text of Ezek. xl, 1, makes the year begin on the tenth day of some month unnamed; but the Hebrew is probably to be corrected after the Greek. Cf. Nowack, _Hebraische Archaologie_, ii, 158 f.
[406] Fowler, _Roman Festivals_, p. 278.
[407] Cf. A. Mommsen, _Feste der Stadt Athen_ (1898), p. 55.
[408] J. W. Fewkes, "The Winter Solstice Ceremony at Walpi"
(in _The American Anthropologist_, xi).
[409] Prescott, _Peru_, i, 104, 127.
[410] A Saracen cult is described in _Nili opera quaedam_ (Paris, 1639), pp. 28, 117.
[411] Hollis, _The Nandi_, p. 100; Rivers, _The Todas_, p.
593 ff.; cf. Dorsey, _The Skidi p.a.w.nee_, p. xviii f.; Hastings, _Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics_, iii, 132 f.
[412] For some fasting observances in astral cults see Westermarck, _Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas_, ii, 312 f.
[413] As food is the most pressing need.
[414] Judg. ix, 27; Neh. viii, 10.
[415] A. Mommsen, _Feste der Stadt Athen_ (1898), Index, s.vv.; Gardner and Jevons, _Greek Antiquities_, pp. 287 f., 290, 292.
[416] Fowler, _Roman Festivals_, pp. 95 ff., 157 ff., 268 ff., 114, 124 ff., 241 ff.; cf. article "Mars" in Roscher, _Lexikon_, col. 2416 f.
[417] Hopkins, _Religions of India_, p. 453 ff.
[418] Frazer, _Golden Bough_, 2d ed., iii, 78 f.
[419] A Babylonian festival of this sort (Sakea) is mentioned by Athenaeus (in _Deipnosophistae_, xiv, 639) on the authority of Berosus, and "Sakea" has been identified with "zakmuk," the Babylonian New Year's Day (cf. the story in Esth. vi); but the details of the festival and of the Persian Sakaea (Strabo, xi, 8) are obscure.
[420] Lev. xxiii.