Chapter 46
[660] Article "Romulus" in Roscher's _Lexikon_.
[661] See below, -- 652.
[662] Herodotus, v, 66 al.
[663] Saussaye, _Religion of the Teutons_, pp. 163, 170, 206.
[664] The Ojibwa G.o.d Manabozho (described in Schoolcraft's _Algic Researches_) by some inadvertence got the name 'Hiawatha,' and so appears in Longfellow's poem. The real Hiawatha was a distinguished Iroquois statesman (supposed to be of the fifteenth century), the founder of the Iroquois League, honored as a patriot, but never wors.h.i.+ped as a G.o.d.
See H. Hale, _Iroquois Book of Rites_, Index, s.v.
_Hiawatha_; Beauchamp, in _Journal of American Folklore_, October, 1891.
[665] F. Pfister, _Der Reliquienkult im Altertum_.
[666] Spencer, _Principles of Sociology_, i; Grant Allen, _Evolution of the Idea of G.o.d_. See below, -- 631 ff.
[667] Westermarck, _Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas_, Index, s.v. _Dead_; Grant Allen, op. cit.; article "Ancestor-wors.h.i.+p" in Hastings, _Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics_.
[668] Cf. above, Chap. II.
[669] Steinmetz (_Ethnologische Studien zur ersten Entwicklung der Strafe_, p. 280 ff.) has attempted a collection and interpretation of the usages of nearly two hundred tribes, but his reckoning is not satisfactory--his enumeration is not complete, and the facts are not sufficiently well certified. He concludes that cases of fear are twice as numerous as those of love.
[670] Westermarck, _Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas_, chap. xiv.
[671] Spencer and Gillen, _Northern Tribes Of Central Australia_, pp. 516 f., 520 f.
[672] Cf. Codrington, _The Melanesians_, p. 271 f.
[673] The conception of such meals as physical and spiritual communion with the dead was a later development.
[674] The buffoonery that was sometimes practiced at Roman funerals seems to have come from the natural love of fun, here particularly, also, through
[675] Howitt and Fison, _Kamilaroi and Kurnai_, p. 246 ff.
[676] Taylor, _New Zealand_, pp. 104, 108.
[677] Codrington, _The Melanesians_, pp. 194, 253 f.; Powell, _Wanderings_, p. 170.
[678] Ellis, _Madagascar_, i, 23, 423.
[679] Callaway, _The Amazulu_, pp. 145, 151.
[680] A. B. Ellis, _The E?e_, p. 102 f.
[681] Steinmetz, _Ethnologische Studien zur ersten Entwicklung der Strafe_. A. L. Kroeber (in _Journal of American Folklore_, 1904) gives an account of a 'ghost-dance' in Northwest California, the object of which was said to be that the dead might return, though the details are obscure.
[682] Some such custom seems to be referred to in Deut.
xxvi, 14.
[683] Fritsch, _Die Eingeborenen Sud-Afrikas_.
[684] Mariner, _Tonga_, p. 149.
[685] Wellhausen, _Reste arabischen Heidentumes_, p. 162 f.; Goldziher, in _Revue de l'histoire des religions_, x. So the Egyptian fellahin to-day.
[686] Codrington, _The Melanesians_, p. 219 f.; Bonney, in _Journal of the Anthropological Inst.i.tute_, xiii, 122 ff.; Haddon, _Head-hunters_, pp. 91 f., 183; G. Allen, _Evolution of the Idea of G.o.d_, chap. iii.
[687] Sir G. S. Robertson, _The Kafirs of the Hindu Kush_, pp. 645 ff., 615 ff., 414 f.
[688] Breasted, _Egypt_, p. 421, etc.
[689] Jastrow, _Religion of Babylonia and a.s.syria_, p. 604 f.
[690] Deut. xxvi, 14; Hos. ix, 4; Ezek. xxiv, 17 (revised text); Isa. viii, 19; 1 Sam. xxviii, 13.
[691] _Rig-Veda_, x, 15; Hopkins, _Religions of India_, p.
143 f.
[692] Spiegel, _Eranische Alterthumskunde_, ii, 91 ff.
[693] _Odyssey_, xi, 74 ff.; cf. xxiv, 63 ff.
[694] _Odyssey_, x, 519 ff.; xi, 25 ff.
[695] Stengel and Oehmichen, _Die griechischen Sakralaltertumer_, p. 99 f.
[696] Gardner and Jevons, _Greek Antiquities_, p. 158 ff.; Gruppe, _Griechische Mythologie_, Index, s.v. _Heros_; Deneken, article "Heros" in Roscher, _Lexikon_. Lists of heroes are given by F. Pfister, in _Der Reliquienkult im Altertum_.
[697] Thucydides, v, 11; Pausanias, i, 32. For other examples, and for the details of the cult, see Stengel and Oehmichen, _Die griechischen Sakralaltertumer_, p. 96 ff.
[698] Similar functions are performed by saints in some Buddhist, Christian, and Moslem communities.
[699] Pauly-Wissowa, _Real-Encyclopadie der cla.s.sischen Altertumswissenschaft_; Miss J. E. Harrison, _Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion_, chap. ii, and the references in these works. On the _Keres_ as ghosts see Crusius, in Roscher's _Lexikon_, s.v. _Keren_, and Harrison, op. cit., chap. v.
[700] Ovid, _Fasti_, v, 439 ff., _manes exite paterni_; cf.
the Greek proverbial expression T??a?e?a?e? (Suidas, s.v.
T??a?e).
[701] De Groot, _Religion of the Chinese_, chap. iii.
[702] Aston, _s.h.i.+nto_; Knox, _Religion in j.a.pan_, p. 66 f.
[703] 1 Sam. xxviii.
[704] Cf. also the Teutonic valkyrs and nornas.
[705] See above, -- 359. The wide prevalence of the theory in ancient times is indicated by its adoption in the Graeco-Jewish _Wisdom of Solomon_ (of the first century B.C.), chap. xiv, and by some Roman writers.
[706] -- 262 ff.