Chapter 107
And I do recommend that together with our Thanksgiving, humble Prayer may be offered to G.o.d, that we may be enabled, by the subsequent obedience of our Hearts and Manners, to testify the sincerity of our professions of Grat.i.tude, in the sight of G.o.d and Man; and thus be prepared for the Reception of future Divine Blessings.
That G.o.d would be pleased to Guide and Direct the Administration of the Federal Government, and those of the several States, in Union, so that the whole People may continue to be safe and happy in the Const.i.tutional enjoyment of their Rights, Liberties and Privileges, and our Governments be greatly respected at Home and Abroad.
And while we rejoice in the Blessing of Health bestowed upon us, we would sympathize with those of our Sister States, who are visited with a Contagious and Mortal Disease; and fervently supplicate the FATHER of Mercies that they may speedily be restored to a state of Health and Prosperity.
That HE would in HIS abundant Mercy regard our fellow Citizens and others, who are groaning under abject Slavery, in Algiers, and direct the most effectual measures for their speedy Relief.
That HE would graciously be pleased to put an end to all Tyranny and Usurpation, that the People who are under the Yoke of Oppression, may be made free; and that the Nations who are contending for freedom may still be secured by HIS Almighty Aid, and enabled under His influence to complete wise systems of Civil Government, founded in the equal Rights of Men and calculated to establish their permanent Security and Welfare.
And Finally, that the Peaceful and Glorious Reign of our Divine Redeemer may be known and enjoyed throughout the whole Family of Mankind.
And I do recommend to the People of this Commonwealth, to abstain from all such Labour and Recreation, as may not be consistent with the Solemnity of the said Day.
Given at the Council-Chamber, in Boston, the fourteenth Day of October in the Year of our LORD, One Thousand seven Hundred and Ninety-five, and in the Twentieth Year of the Independence of the United States of America.
SAMUEL ADAMS.
True Copy--Attest,
JOHN AVERY, jun. Sec'ry.
G.o.d save the Commonwealth of Ma.s.sachusetts!
1796
TO THE LEGISLATURE OF Ma.s.sACHUSETTS.
JANUARY 19, 1796.
[Independent Chronicle, January 21, 1796, two texts are in the Ma.s.sachusetts Archives.]
FELLOW CITIZENS,
I CANNOT but congratulate you upon the many blessings which the bountiful hand of Providence has bestowed upon us since your adjournment.
We with our Fellow Citizens at large have observed a day solemnly to recognize these blessings; and if sincere obedience to our gracious Benefactor, shall accompany the grat.i.tude which we then professed, we may humbly rely upon him that he will continue his divine favors to the citizens at large, and direct the public councils of our Nation and Commonwealth to such measures as shall be productive of the safety and welfare of all.
In my former address to this General Court I mentioned the duty required by the Const.i.tution, frequently to revise the laws, and amend such of them as may still be necessary to secure the lives, liberty and property of the citizens--The importance of civil commutative justice and the good policy of making adequate compensations to those who administer well --and the great advantages of cheris.h.i.+ng the interests of literature and the sciences, and all seminaries of them among the body of the people. Upon these I shall not now enlarge.
Agriculture and Commerce mutually depend upon each other. As foreign markets are supplied from our fields, it is an object of importance, that the transportation of heavy articles, and means of communication from one part of the State to another, may be rendered as easy and cheap as the nature of the country will admit. By the spirit of enterprize, which so remarkably animates the citizens, countenanced by the Legislature, much has been done and is still doing in various parts of the Commonwealth.
The improvement of Arts and Manufactures is of interesting moment. The encouragement of such manufactures in particular, as will diminish the consumption of Foreign Articles and exhibit a real balance in our favor, is the common concern of the whole Union--Such encouragement as will spread the spirit of Industry individually through the body of the people, will tend to increase their happy feelings of Independence, and give them an exalted idea of the truly n.o.ble character of Free Citizens. Industry naturally leads to sobriety of sentiment, rect.i.tude of manners, a due observance of wise and const.i.tutional laws, and of course to public and private virtue.
Fellow Citizens,
IT is wisdom often to recur to first principles. The people of this Commonwealth, as
As these and all new forms of Government which recognize principles, never reduced to practice until the period of our ill.u.s.trious Revolution must be in their nature experiments, the provision of a peaceable and const.i.tutional remedy for such defects as experience may point out, is with great propriety established in our State and National Governments.--The citizens of this Commonwealth, have lately discovered their acquiescence under their Const.i.tution as it now stands. But it still remains recorded in our declaration of rights, that the people alone have an incontestible, unalienable and indefeasible right to inst.i.tute government; & to reform, alter, or totally change the same when their protection, safety, prosperity and happiness require it. And the Federal Const.i.tution, according to the mode prescribed therein has already undergone such amendments in several parts of it, as from experience has been judged necessary.
The Government of the United States is entrusted solely with such powers as regard our safety as a nation; and all powers not given to Congress by the Const.i.tution remain in the individual States and the people. In all good Governments the Legislative, Executive and Judiciary powers are confined within the limits of their respective Departments. If therefore it should be found that the Const.i.tutional rights of our federal and local Governments should on either side be infringed, or that either of the Departments aforesaid should interfere with another, it will, if continued, essentially alter the Const.i.tution, and may in time, I hope far distant, be productive of such convulsions as may shake the political ground upon which we now happily stand.
Under these impressions, I cannot forbear to mention to you a subject which has lately arrested the public attention and employed the pens of ingenious men of different sentiments concerning it. In discussing a subject so exceedingly momentous as a national Treaty, no personal attachment or prejudice, no private or selfish feelings, no arts of deception should be suffered to intermingle: Truth should be the object, and reason the guide.
By the Const.i.tution of the United States, it is provided, that all Legislative powers therein granted, shall be vested in a Congress, to consist of a Senate and a House of Representatives. These several branches have, and exercise a positive negative upon each other: No Legislative act, therefore, can pa.s.s without their joint concurrence.
But in another part of the Const.i.tution, under the head of Executive, the President has the power with the advice and consent of the Senate, provided two thirds of the Senate present, concur, to make Treaties; and all Treaties which are made or shall be made under the authority of the United States, shall be among the Supreme Laws of the Land: The Senate therefore partakes with the Executive, so far as to advise and consent; but the most popular branch of Congress has no concern therein. I do earnestly recommend to you to turn your attention to those parts of the Const.i.tution, at least, which relate to the Legislative and Executive powers, and judge for yourself, whether they may not be construed to militate with each other and lead to an absurd conclusion--that there actually exists in the Government of the United States, two distinct and decisive Legislatives.
I am far from being desirous that unnecessary alterations of our Const.i.tution, should be proposed: but it is of great consequence to the liberties of a nation, to review its civil Const.i.tution and compare the practice of its administrators with the essential principles upon which it is founded. We, fellow-citizens, are under the strongest obligations, from the solemnity of our mutual compacts, and even our sacred oaths, with a watchful eye at every point to defend and support our Const.i.tutions; and to strengthen the essential principles upon which they are founded, when it shall be needful, falls in my opinion within those solemn obligations.
I hope, fellow-citizens, that what I am now about to say will not be deemed improper.
I have been accustomed to speak my mind upon matters of great moment to our common country with freedom; and every citizen of the United States has the same right that I have. I may never hereafter have an opportunity of publicly expressing my opinion on the Treaty made with the Court of London: I am therefore constrained with all due respect to our Const.i.tuted Authority to declare, that the Treaty appears to me to be pregnant with evil. It controuls some of the powers specially vested in Congress for the security of the people; and I fear that it may restore to Great Britain such an influence over the Government and people of this country as may not be consistent with the general welfare. This subject however it is expected will come before the Congress whose immediate province it is to discuss it, and to determine, so far as it may be in their power, as they shall think, for the safety and welfare of the people.
I shall use my best endeavor to dispatch the business which you shall lay before me. And it is my cordial wish that all your decisions may tend to the prosperity of the Commonwealth, and afford to you the most agreeable reflections.
SAMUEL ADAMS.
TO THE LEGISLATURE OF Ma.s.sACHUSETTS.
MAY 31, 1796.
[Independent Chronicle, June 2, 1796; two texts are in the Ma.s.sachusetts Archives.]
FELLOW CITIZENS,
It is not my intention to interrupt your business by a lengthy Address.
I have requested a meeting with you at this time, princ.i.p.ally with a view of familiarizing the several branches of government with each other, of cultivating harmony in sentiment upon const.i.tutional principles, and cheris.h.i.+ng that mutual friends.h.i.+p which always invites a free discussion in matters of important concern.
The Union of the States is not less important than that of the several departments of each of them. We have all of us recently laid ourselves under a sacred obligation to defend and support our Federal and State Const.i.tutions: A princ.i.p.al object in the establishment of the former, as it is expressed in the preamble, was "to form a more perfect Union:"
To preserve this Union entire, and transmit it unbroken to posterity, is the duty of the People of United America, and it is for their lasting interest, their public safety and welfare. Let us then be watchful for the preservation of the Union, attentive to the fundamental principles of our free Const.i.tutions, and careful in the application of those principles in the formation of our laws, lest that great object which the people had in view in establis.h.i.+ng the independence of our country, may be imperceptibly lost.
The Members of the General Court, coming from all parts of the Commonwealth, must be well acquainted with the local circ.u.mstances and wants of the citizens; to alleviate and provide for which, it is presumed you will diligently enquire into the state of the Commonwealth, and render such Legislative aid as may be found necessary, for the promoting of useful improvements, and the advancement of those kinds of industry among the people, which contribute to their individual happiness, as well as that of the public.--Honest industry, tends to the increase of sobriety, temperance and all the moral and political virtues--I trust also that you will attend to the general police of the Commonwealth, by revising and making such laws and ordinances, conformably to our Const.i.tution, as in your wisdom you may think further necessary to secure as far as possible, the safety and prosperity of the people at large.
It is yours, Fellow Citizens, to legislate, and mine only to revise your bills, under limited and qualified powers; and I rejoice, that they are thus limited:-- These are features which belong to a free government alone.