Chapter 89
42 "science discovery and innovation within the next decade"
Ibid.
43 industry will be one of the pillars
"China Establishes National Gene Bank in Shenzhe," Xinhua News Agency, June 18, 2011.
44 eventually sequence the genomes of almost every child in China
David Cyranoski, "Chinese Bioscience: The Sequence Factory," Nature, March 3, 2010.
45 first patent on a gene
Harriet A. Was.h.i.+ngton, Deadly Monopolies: The Shocking Corporate Takeover of Life Itself-and the Consequences for Your Healthy and Our Medical Future (New York: Doubleday, 2011), p. 181.
46 more than 40,000 gene patents have been issued, covering 2,000 human genes
Sharon Begley, "In Surprise Ruling, Court Declares Two Gene Patents Invalid," Daily Beast, March 29, 2010.
47 used for commercial purposes without their permission
Was.h.i.+ngton, Deadly Monopolies, chs. 1 and 7.
48 gene therapy drug, known as Glybera
Ben Hirschler, "Europe Approves High-Price Gene Therapy," Reuters, November 2, 2012.
49 treatment of a rare genetic disorder
Andrew Pollack, "European Agency Backs Approval of a Gene Therapy," New York Times, July 20, 2012.
50 approved a drug known as Crizotinib
Alice T. Shaw, "The Crizotinib Story: From Target to FDA Approval and Beyond," InforMEDical, 2012, http://www.informedicalcme.com/lucatoday/crizotinib-story-from-target-to-fda-approval.
51 "We now believe that Monsanto"
"Monsanto Strong-Arms Seed Industry," a.s.sociated Press, January 4, 2011.
52 "Could you patent the sun?"
" 'Deadly Monopolies'? Patenting the Human Body," Fresh Air, NPR, October 24, 2011, http://www.npr.org/2011/10/24/141429392/deadly-monopolies-patenting-the-human-body. The groundbreaking work of Albert Sabin-whose vaccine became the most widely used-cannot be overlooked as well.
53 research into the genome was still in its early stages
Norman Borlaug, biography, http://www.n.o.belprize.org/n.o.bel_prizes/peace/laureates/1970/borlaug-bio.html.
54 "G.o.d help us if that were to happen"
Vandana s.h.i.+va, "The Indian Seed Act and Patent Act: Sowing the Seeds of Dictators.h.i.+p," ZNet, February 14, 2005, http://www.grain.org/article/entries/2166-india-seed-act-patent-act-sowing-the-seeds-of-dictators.h.i.+p.
55 "always stood for free exchange of germplasm"
Ibid.
56 courts continue to uphold the patentability of genes
Reuters, "Court Reaffirms Right of Myriad Genetics to Patent Genes," New York Times, August 16, 2012.
57 we gain the ability to understand and manipulate the reality
Michael S. Gazzaniga, Human: The Science Behind What Makes Us Unique (New York: HarperCollins, 2008), p. 199.
58 four letters: A, T, C, and G