Chapter 76
Address of Premier Viviani to the French Senate and House of Deputies, Aug. 4.
_This speech has been called by M. Jusserand, French Amba.s.sador to the United States, "the chief doc.u.ment printed up to now [Nov. 1] in which the French situation, with reference to the present war, has been expounded._"
Gentlemen, the German Amba.s.sador left Paris yesterday, after having notified us of the existence of a state of war.
The Government is in duty bound to give Parliament a truthful recital of the events which, within less than ten days, have brought about war in Europe and obliged France, peaceful and strong, to defend her frontier against an attack the premeditated suddenness of which emphasizes its odious injustice.
This attack, entirely inexcusable and begun before any declaration of war notified us of it, is the last act in a plan whose origin and aim I intend to lay bare before our republic and before civilized public opinion.
After the abominable crime which cost the lives of the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne and of the d.u.c.h.ess of Hohenberg, trouble arose between the Governments of Vienna and Belgrade.
Most of the great powers were not informed of this except semi-officially up to Friday, the 24th day of July, on which day the Amba.s.sadors of Austria-Hungary sent them a circular note, which has been published in the newspapers.
The object of this note was to explain and justify an ultimatum sent the evening before to Servia, through the Austrian Minister at Belgrade.
This ultimatum a.s.serted that a number of Servian subjects and a.s.sociations were implicated in the crime of Serajevo, and implied that members of the Servian Government themselves were not without complicity in it. It demanded a reply from Servia, giving Sat.u.r.day, July 25, at 6 in the evening, as the time limit.
Austria Amazes Allies.
The reparations demanded, or, at least, some among them, unquestionably were derogatory to the rights of a sovereign nation. But in spite of their extreme character Servia, on July 25, declared that she submitted to them almost without a reservation of any sort.
The advice transmitted by France, Russia, and Great Britain from the very first to Belgrade was not without its effect in bringing about this submission, which was a success for Austria-Hungary and likewise a guarantee toward the maintenance of European peace.
This advice was all the more valuable in view of the fact that Austria-Hungary's demands had been inadequately foreshadowed to the Governments of the Triple Entente, to whom, during the three preceding weeks, the Austro-Hungarian Government had repeatedly given a.s.surances that its demands would be extremely moderate.
It was, therefore, with justified astonishment that the Cabinets of Paris, St. Petersburg, and London heard, on July 26, that the Austrian Minister at Belgrade, after an examination lasting only a few minutes, had declared the Servian reply unacceptable and broken off diplomatic relations.
Germany the Stumbling Block.
This astonishment was rendered greater by the fact that, on Friday, the 21st, the German Amba.s.sador had visited the French Minister of Foreign Affairs for the purpose of reading to him a note to the effect that the Austro-Servian dispute should be localized and not made the subject of intervention by the great powers, and that, unless such were the case, "incalculable consequences" were to be feared. Like action was taken on Sat.u.r.day, the 25th, at London and St. Petersburg.
Is it necessary, gentlemen, to point out to you the difference between the menacing methods employed by the German Amba.s.sador at Paris and the conciliatory sentiments of which the powers of the Triple Entente had just given proof by their advice to Servia to submit?
Nevertheless, pa.s.sing over the abnormal character of the German action, we, in conjunction with our allies and friends, immediately inst.i.tuted measures of conciliation and invited Germany to take part in them.
From the very first we were chagrined to find that our acts and efforts found no echo at Berlin.
Not only did Germany seem unwilling to give Austria-Hungary the amicable advice which her situation authorized her to give, but, from that very time and even more in the ensuing days, she seemed to place herself between the Vienna Cabinet and the propositions of a
On Tuesday, July 28, Austria-Hungary declared war on Servia. This declaration of war, complicating forty-eight hours after the situation brought about by the rupture of diplomatic relations, lent color to the a.s.sumption that there had been a premeditated plan to make war, a systematic programme for the subjugation of Servia.
Thus not only the independence of a brave nation became involved, but also the balance of power in the Balkans, set forth in the Treaty of Bucharest of 1913, and sanctioned by the moral adhesion of all the great powers.
Notwithstanding, at the suggestion of the British Government, always interested in the most steadfast manner in the maintenance of European peace, the negotiations continued, or, to be more exact, the powers const.i.tuting the Triple Entente tried to continue them.
To their common desire was due the proposition for quadruple action, viz., by England, France, Germany, and Italy, with the object of a.s.suring to Austria all legitimate reparation and bringing about an equitable arrangement of the difficulty. On Wednesday, the 29th, the Russian Government, noting the persistent blocking of these attempts, Austria's mobilization and her declaration of war, and fearing that Servia would be crushed by military force, decided, as a preventive measure, to mobilize her troops in four military zones, namely, only those stationed along the Austro-Hungarian frontier.
In doing this it took care to notify the German Government that this step, limited in character and not const.i.tuting an offensive move against Austria, was not in any way directed against Germany.
In a conversation with the Russian Amba.s.sador at Berlin the German Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs showed no objection to recognizing this.
Germany Becomes Warlike.
On the other hand, all the attempts of Great Britain, backed by Russia and with the support of France, for establis.h.i.+ng contact between Austria and Servia under the moral auspices of Europe, was met in Berlin by a premeditated negative att.i.tude, the existence of which is absolutely proved by the diplomatic communications.
This made a troublous state of affairs which pointed to the existence at Berlin of certain mental reservations. A few hours later these suppositions and fears were destined to be changed into certainties.
For the negative att.i.tude of Germany was transformed thirty-six hours later into truly alarming initiative. On July 31, Germany, by declaring a state of war, cut off the communication between herself and the rest of Europe, and gave herself perfect freedom to make military preparations against France, in complete secrecy, which nothing, as you have seen, could justify.
During several days and under conditions difficult to explain Germany had been preparing to change her army from a peace to a war footing.
From July 25 in the morning, that is even before the expiration of the time limit set Servia by Austria, she had brought to their full strength the garrisons in Alsace-Lorraine. On the same day she had placed the works close to the frontier in a state of effective armament. On the 26th she had prescribed for the railroads the preparatory measures for concentration. On the 27th she had made requisitions and placed her covering troops in position. On the 28th the summoning of individual reservists began, including those distant from the frontier.
Could we be left in doubt as to Germany's intentions after her taking all these measures with relentless thoroughness?
France Forced to Act.
This, then, was the situation when, on July 31, in the evening, the German Government, which had not taken any positive part since the 24th in the conciliatory efforts of the Triple Entente, sent to the Russian Government an ultimatum alleging that Russia had ordered the general mobilization of her armies, and demanding the cessation of this mobilization within twelve hours.
This demand, all the more offensive as to form when it is borne in mind that a few hours earlier Emperor Nicholas, actuated by a spontaneous feeling of confidence, had asked the German Emperor to mediate, was made at the moment when, at the request of England and with the knowledge of Germany, the Russian Government was accepting a proposition of a kind calculated to bring about an amicable arrangement of the Austro-Servian conflict and of the Austro-Russian difficulties by means of the simultaneous cessation of military operations and preparations.
On the same day there were added to this unfriendly step toward Russia acts of distinct hostility toward France; rupture of communications by roads, railways, telegraph, and telephone, seizure of French locomotives upon arrival at the frontier, placing of rapid-fire guns in the middle of railway lines which had been torn up, and concentration of troops on our frontier.
From that moment it was impossible for us to believe any longer in the sincerity of the pacific protestations which the representative of Germany continued to lavish upon us.
We were aware that, under the shelter of the declaration of a state of war which Germany had made, she was mobilizing.
We learned that six cla.s.ses of reservists had been summoned and that concentration of army corps was under way, even of those corps stationed a long distance from the frontier.
In proportion as these events developed, the Government, alert and vigilant, took day by day, even hour by hour, the precautionary measures made necessary by the situation; general mobilization of our land and sea forces was ordered.
The same evening, at 7:30, Germany, ignoring the acceptance by the St.
Petersburg Cabinet of the English proposition to which I have already referred, declared war upon Russia.
Denies Hostile Acts by French.
The next day, Sunday, Aug. 2, despite the extreme moderation of France and the pacific statements of the German Amba.s.sador in Paris, and scorning the rules of international law, German troops crossed our frontier at three different points.
At the same time, in violation of the Treaty of 1867 guaranteeing the neutrality of Luxemburg, of which Prussia was a signatory, they invaded the territory of the Grand Duchy, thus evoking a protest from the Luxemburg Government.
Finally, even the neutrality of Belgium was menaced. On the evening of Aug. 2 the German Minister handed to the Belgian Government an ultimatum demanding that military operations against France be facilitated by Belgium under the lying pretext that Belgian neutrality was threatened by us.
The Belgian Government refused, announcing that it had resolved to defend energetically its neutrality respected by France and guaranteed by treaties, especially by the King of Prussia.
Since then, gentlemen, acts of aggression have been repeated, multiplied, and accentuated. Our frontier has been crossed at more than fifteen places. Rifle shots have been fired at our soldiers and customs officials. There have been killed and wounded. Yesterday a German military aviator dropped three bombs on Luneville.
The German Amba.s.sador, to whom, as well as to the other great powers, we communicated these acts did not deny them, nor even express regret. On the contrary, he came to me yesterday evening to ask for his pa.s.sport and notify us of the existence of a state of war, alleging without justification hostile acts committed by French aviators on German territory in the Eiffel region, and even on the railway from Karlsruhe to Nuremberg. Here is the letter on this subject which he handed to me: