Chapter 73
[1935] C. H. W. Johns, article "Code of Hammurabi" in Hastings, _Dictionary of the Bible_, extra volume; D. G.
Lyon, "The Consecrated Women of the Hammurabi Code" in _Studies in the History of Religions presented to C. H.
Toy_.
[1936] Strabo, p. 378.
[1937] Roscher, _Lexikon_, article "Aphrodite," col. 401.
Cf. the practice mentioned in 1 Sam. ii, 22.
[1938] Curtiss, _Primitive Semitic Religion To-day_.
[1939] See, for example, 1 Sam. ii, 22.
[1940] For a description of their privileges and power in Ashanti see Ellis, _Ts.h.i.+_, p. 121 ff.
[1941] License in festivals and mystical or symbolic marriages are excluded as not being official consecration of a cla.s.s of persons.
[1942] Examples are given in Westermarck, _Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas_, ii, 443 ff.; Frazer, _Adonis Attis Osiris_, chap. iv; Seligmann, _Der bose Blick und Verwandies_, ii, 190 ff.; and see above, -- 384 ff.
[1943] Inscription of Tralles; see Ramsay, _Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia_, i, 94 ff.; Farnell, _Cults of the Greek States_, ii, 636.
[1944] Herodotus, i, 199. The correctness of Herodotus's statement has been doubted; but, though the procedure is singular, it is not wholly out of keeping with known Babylonian customs. It must be remembered, however, that Herodotus wrote long after the fall of the Babylonian empire, when foreign influence was possible. See also _Epistle of Jeremias_, v, 43.
[1945] Pseudo-Lucian, _De Syria Dea_, chap. vi.
[1946] h.o.m.os.e.xual practices do not belong here (Westermarck, op. cit., chap. xliii). The intercourse of priests with sacred and other women is likewise excluded.
[1947] Deut. xxiii, 18 [17] f., "sodomite."
[1948] 1 Kings, xiv, 24 (tenth century), where the _kedes.h.i.+m_ seem to be described as a Canaanite inst.i.tution.
Cf. Deut. xxii, 3.
[1949] _Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum_, part i, i, 86, B 10.
[1950] With allusion, perhaps, to the dog's faithfulness to his master. In the _Amarna Letters_ a Canaanite governor calls himself the "dog" (_kalbu_) of his Egyptian overlord.
Cf. W. R. Smith, _Religion of the
[1951] Cf. Frazer, _Adonis Attis Osiris_, p. 71 f., and the curious story told in Josephus, _Antiquities_, xviii, 3.
[1952] The Lydian method by which girls earned their dowries (Herodotus, i, 93) is economic, and had, apparently, no connection with religion.
[1953] See above, -- 180. Cf. Ramsay, _Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia_, 1, 94 ff.
[1954] Westermarck, _History of Human Marriage_, chap. iii ff.
[1955] At Byblos the prost.i.tution of the woman was required only in case she refused to offer her hair to the G.o.ddess.
This offering was probably originally a subst.i.tute for the offering of her virginity, but there is no evidence that the latter was of the nature of a sacrifice.
[1956] Farnell, in _Archiv fur Religionswissenschaft_, vii, 88 (see above, ---- 182, 594, and cf. Crawley, _Mystic Rose_, p. 322). Farnell does not mention this suggestion in his _Greece and Babylon_, p. 269 ff.
[1957] Westermarck, _Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas_, ii, 446; cf. Frazer, _Golden Bough_, 2d ed., Index, s.vv. _Stranger_, _Strangers_.
[1958] c.u.mont, _Les religions orientales dans le paganisme romain_ (Eng. tr., _Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism_, p. 247 f.); cf. Hartland, in _Anthropological Essays presented to Tylor_, p. 201 f.
[1959] On this cult see Mannhardt, _Baumkultus_ and _Antike Wald- und Feldkulte_.
[1960] Mannhardt, _Antike Wald- und Feldkulte_, ii, 284; Frazer, _Adonis Attis Osiris_, p. 33 ff.
[1961] Cf. Hartland, op. cit., p. 199.
[1962] Hartland, _Primitive Paternity_, chap. ii.
[1963] Frazer, _Adonis Attis Osiris_, p. 50 ff.
[1964] Cf. Nilsson, _Griechische Feste_.
[1965] Maspero, _Dawn of Civilization_; Erman, _Handbook of Egyptian Religion_, Index, s.v.; Breasted, _History of Egypt_, Index, s.v.
[1966] Jastrow, _Religion of Babylonia and a.s.syria_, Index, s.v.
[1967] Barth, _Religions of India_, Index, s.v.; Hopkins, _Religions of India_, Index, s.v.
[1968] Spiegel, _Eranische Alterthuniskunde_, vol. III, bk.
vi.
[1969] O. Gruppe, _Griechische Mythologie_, Index, s.v.
_Priester_; Gardner and Jevons, _Greek Antiquities_, Index, s.v.; Farnell, _Cults of the Greek States_, pa.s.sim.
[1970] This remark applies to the oracles as well as to the ordinary temple-service.
[1971] Cf. Wissowa, _Religion der Romer_, Index, s.v.
_Pontifex_, _Pontifices_; Fowler, _Roman Festivals_, s.v.
_Pontifices_; Saussaye, _Lehrbuch der Religionsgeschichte_, 2d ed. (Roman religion).
[1972] On the other hand, the Romans have given us such fundamental terms as 'religion,' 'superst.i.tion,' 'cult,'
'piety,' 'devotion,' all theocratic and individual.
[1973] De Groot, _Religious System of China_; Legge, _Religion of China_; Doolittle, _Social Life of the Chinese_.
[1974] Some high official will, doubtless, now take the emperor's place.
[1975] This seems to remain true notwithstanding the present movement in China toward the adoption of Western methods of education. De Groot's estimate of Chinese religion (in op.
cit.) is less favorable.
[1976] Garcila.s.so de la Vega, _Royal Commentaries of the Yncas_, ed. C. R. Markham, part i, bk. ii, chap. ix; Prescott, _Peru_, vol. 1, chap. iii; Payne, _New World, called America_, Index; A. Reville, _Native Religions of Mexico and Peru_, Index.
[1977] Sahagun, _Historia General de las Cosas de Nueva Espana_, Eng. tr. by Markham; Payne, op. cit.; Reville, op.
cit.