Chapter 77
"They would further recommend, that the Declaration of Independence and the Const.i.tution of the United Stales be read in our Conventions; believing, that the truths contained in the former are incontrovertible, and that the latter guarantees in letter and spirit to every freeman born in this country, all the rights and immunities of citizens.h.i.+p.
"Your Committee with regret have witnessed the many oppressive, unjust, and unconst.i.tutional laws which have been enacted in the different parts of the Union against the free people of color, and they would call upon this Convention, as possessing the rights of freemen, to recommend to the people, through their delegation, the propriety of memorializing the proper authorities, whenever they may feel themselves aggrieved, or their rights invaded, by any cruel or oppressive laws.
"And your Committee would further report, that, in their opinion, _Education_, _Temperance_, and _Economy_ are best calculated to promote the elevation of mankind to a proper rank and standing among men, as they enable him to discharge all those duties enjoined on him by his Creator. We would, therefore, respectfully request an early attention to those virtues among our brethren who have a desire to be useful.
"And lastly, your Committee view with unfeigned regret, and respectfully submit to the wisdom of this Convention, the operations and misrepresentations of the American Colonization Society in these United States.
"We feel sorrowful to see such an immense and wanton waste of lives and property, not doubting the benevolent feelings of some individuals engaged in that cause. But we cannot for a moment doubt, but that the cause of many of our unconst.i.tutional, unchristian, and unheard-of sufferings emanate from that unhallowed source; and we would call on Christians of every denomination firmly to resist it."[28]
The convention was in session for several days. It attracted public attention on account of the intelligence, order, and excellent judgment which prevailed. It deeply touched the young white men who had, but a few months previous, enlisted under the broad banner Wm.
Lloyd Garrison had given to the breeze. They called to see Colored men conduct a convention. The Rev. S. S. Jocelyn, of New Haven, Connecticut; Arthur Tappan, of New York; Benjamin Lundy, of Was.h.i.+ngton, D. C.; William Lloyd Garrison, of Boston, Ma.s.sachusetts; Thomas s.h.i.+pley and Charles Pierce, of Philadelphia, visited the convention and were cordially received. Messrs. Jocelyn, Tappan, and Garrison were invited to address the convention. They delivered stirring addresses, and especially urged the necessity of establis.h.i.+ng a college for the education of "Young Men of Color." At the suggestion of the speaker the convention appointed a committee with whom the speaker conferred. The report of the committee was as follows:
"That a plan had been submitted to them by the above-named gentlemen, for the liberal education of Young Men of Color, on the Manual-Labor System, all of which they respectfully submit to the consideration of the Convention, are as follow:
"The plan proposed is, that a College be established at New Haven, Conn., as soon as $20,000 are obtained, and to be on the Manual-Labor System, by which, in connection with a scientific education, they may also obtain a useful Mechanical or Agricultural profession; and (they further report, having received information) that a benevolent individual has offered to subscribe one thousand dollars toward this object, provided that a farther sum of nineteen thousand dollars can be obtained in one year.
"After an interesting discussion, the above report was unanimously adopted; one of the inquiries by the Convention was in regard to the place of location. On interrogating the gentlemen why New Haven should be the place of location, they gave the following as their reasons:--
"1st. The site is healthy and beautiful.
"2d. Its inhabitants are friendly, pious, generous, and humane.
"3d. Its laws are salutary and protecting to all, without regard to complexion.
"4th. Boarding is cheap and provisions are good.
"5th. The situation is as central as any other that can be obtained with the same advantages.
"6th. The town of New Haven carries on an extensive West India trade, and many of the wealthy colored residents in the Islands, would, no doubt, send their sons there to be educated, and thus a fresh tie of friends.h.i.+p would be formed, which might be
"And last, though not the least, the literary and scientific character of New Haven, renders it a very desirable place for the location of the college."
The report of the Committee was received and adopted. The Rev. Samuel E. Cornish was appointed general agent to solicit funds, and Arthur Tappan was selected as treasurer. A Provisional Committee was appointed in each city, as follows:
"_Boston_--Rev. Hosea Easton, Robert Roberts, James G. Barbadoes, and Rev. Samuel Snowden.
"_New York_--Rev. Peter Williams, Boston Cromwell, Philip Bell, Thomas Downing, Peter Voglesang.
"_Philadelphia_--Joseph Ca.s.sey, Robert Dougla.s.s, Sr., James Forten, Richard Howell, Robert Purvis.
"_Baltimore_--Thomas Green, James P. Walker, Samuel G. Mathews, Isaac Whipper, Samuel Hiner.
"_New Haven_--Biars Stanley, John Creed, Alexander C. Luca.
"_Brooklyn, L. I._--Jacob Deyes, Henry Thomson, Willis Jones.
"_Wilmington, Del._--Rev. Peter Spencer, Jacob Morgan, William S.
Thomas.
"_Albany_--Benjamin Latimore, Captain Schuyler, Captain Francis March.
"_Was.h.i.+ngton, D. C._--William Jackson, Arthur Waring, Isaac Carey.
"_Lancaster, Pa._--Charles Butler and Jared Grey.
"_Carlisle, Pa._--John Peck and Rowland G. Roberts.
"_Chambersburg, Pa._--Dennis Berry.
"_Pittsburgh_--John B. Vashon, Lewis Gardiner, Abraham Lewis.
"_Newark, N. J._--Peter Pet.i.tt, Charles Anderson, Adam Ray.
"_Trenton_--Samson Peters, Leonard Scott."
The proceedings of the convention were characterized by a deep solemnity and a lively sense of the gravity of the situation. The delegates were of the ablest Colored men in the country, and were conversant with the wants of their people. The subjoined address shows that the committee that prepared it had a thorough knowledge of the public sentiment of America on the subject of race prejudice.
"CONVENTIONAL ADDRESS.
"_Respected Brethren and Fellow-Citizens:_
"Our attention has been called to investigate the political standing of our brethren wherever dispersed, but more particularly the situation of those in this great Republic.
"Abroad, we have been cheered with pleasant views of humanity, and the steady, firm, and uncompromising march of equal liberty to the human family. Despotism, tyranny, and injustice have had to retreat, in order to make way for the unalienable rights of man. Truth has conquered prejudice, and mankind are about to rise in the majesty and splendor of their native dignity.
"The cause of general emanc.i.p.ation is gaining powerful and able friends abroad. Britain and Denmark have performed such deeds as will immortalize them for their humanity, in the b.r.e.a.s.t.s of the philanthropists of the present day; whilst, as a just tribute to their virtues, after-ages will yet erect unperishable monuments to their memory. (Would to G.o.d we could say thus of our own native soil!)
"And it is only when we look to our own native land, to the birthplace of our _fathers_, to the land for whose prosperity their blood and our sweat have been shed and cruelly extorted, that the Convention has had cause to hang its head and blush.
Laws, as cruel in themselves as they were unconst.i.tutional and unjust, have in many places been enacted against our poor unfriended and unoffending brethren; laws, (without a shadow of provocation on our part,) at whose bare recital the very savage draws him up for fear of the contagion,--looks n.o.ble, and prides himself because he bears not the name of a Christian.
"But the Convention would not wish to dwell long on this subject, as it is one that is too sensibly felt to need description.
"We would wish to turn you from this scene with an eye of pity, and a breast glowing with mercy, praying that the recording angel may drop a tear, which shall obliterate forever the remembrance of so foul a stain upon the national escutcheon of this great Republic.
"This spirit of persecution was the cause of our Convention. It was that first induced us to seek an asylum in the Canadas; and the Convention feels happy to report to its brethren, that our efforts to establish a settlement in that province have not been made in vain. Our prospects are cheering; our friends and funds are daily increasing; wonders have been performed far exceeding our most sanguine expectations; already have our brethren purchased eight hundred acres of land--and two thousand of them have left the soil of their birth, crossed the lines, and laid the foundation for a structure which promises to prove an asylum for the colored population of these United States. They have erected two hundred log-houses, and have five hundred acres under cultivation.
"And now it is to your fostering care the Convention appeals, and we appeal to you as to men and brethren, yet to enlarge their borders.
"We therefore ask of you, brethren,--we ask of you, philanthropists of every color and of every kindred,--to a.s.sist us in this undertaking. We look to a kind Providence and to you to say whether our desires shall be realized and our labors crowned with success.
"The Convention has done its duty, and it now remains for you, brethren, to do yours. Various obstacles have been thrown in our way by those opposed to the elevation of the human species; but, thanks to an all-wise Providence, his goodness has as yet cleared the way, and our advance has been slow but steady. The only thing now wanted, is an acc.u.mulation of funds, in order to enable us to make a purchase agreeable to the direction of the first Convention; and, to effect that purpose, the Convention has recommended, to the different Societies engaged in that cause, to preserve and prosecute their designs with double energy; and we would earnestly recommend to every colored man (who feels the weight of his degradation), to consider himself in duty bound to contribute his mite toward this great object. We would say to all, that the prosperity of the rising generation mainly depends upon our active exertions.
"Yes, it is with us to say whether they shall a.s.sume a rank and standing among the nations of the earth, as men and freemen, or whether they shall still be prized and held at market-price. Oh, then, by a brother's love, and by all that makes man dear to man, awake in time! Be wise! Be free! Endeavor to walk with circ.u.mspection; be obedient to the laws of our common country; honor and respect its lawmakers and law-givers; and, through all, let us not forget to respect ourselves.
"During the deliberations of this Convention, we had the favor of advising and consulting with some of our most eminent and tried philanthropists--men of unblemished character and of acknowledged rank and standing. Our sufferings have excited their sympathy; our ignorance appealed to their humanity; and, brethren, we feel that grat.i.tude is due to a kind and benevolent Creator, that our excitement and appeal have neither been in vain. A plan has been proposed to the Convention for the erection of a college for the instruction of young men of color, on the manual-labor system, by which the children of the poor may receive a regular cla.s.sical education, as well as those of their more opulent brethren, and the charge will be so regulated as to put it within the reach of all. In support of this plan, a benevolent individual has offered the sum of one thousand dollars, provided that we can obtain subscriptions to the amount of nineteen thousand dollars in one year.