Chapter 53
Significant indeed that a Negro was the first to open the hostilities between Great Britain and the colonies,--the first to pour out his blood as a precious libation on the altar of a people's rights; and that here, at Bunker Hill, when the crimson and fiery tide of battle seemed to be running hard against the small band of colonists, a Negro soldier's steady musket brought down the haughty form of the arch-rebel, and turned victory to the weak! England had loaded the African with chains, and doomed him to perpetual bondage in the North-American colonies; and when she came to forge political chains, in the flames of fratricidal war, for an English-speaking people, the Negro, whom she had grievously wronged, was first to meet her soldiers, and welcome them to a hospitable grave.
Bunker-hill Monument has a charm for loyal Americans; and the Negro, too, may gaze upon its enduring magnificence. It commemorates the deeds, not of any particular soldier, but all who stood true to the principles of equal rights and free government on that memorable "17th of June."
"No name adorns the shaft; but ages hence, though our alphabets may become as obscure as those which cover the monuments, of Nineveh and Babylon, its uninscribed surface (on which monarchs might be proud to engrave their t.i.tles) will perpetuate the memory of the 17th of June. It is the monument of the day, of the event, of the battle of Bunker Hill; of all the brave men who shared its perils,--alike of Prescott and Putnam and Warren, the chiefs of the day, and the colored man, Salem, who is reported to have shot the gallant Pitcairn, as he mounted the parapet. Cold as the clods on which it rests, still as the silent heavens to which it soars, it is yet vocal, eloquent, in their undivided praise."[581]
The other Negro soldier who won for himself rare fame and distinguished consideration in the action at Bunker Hill was Salem Poor. Delighted with his n.o.ble bearing, his superior officers could not refrain from calling the attention of the civil authorities to the facts that came under their personal observation. The pet.i.tion that set forth his worth as a brave soldier is still preserved in the ma.n.u.script archives of Ma.s.sachusetts:--
"_To the Honorable General Court of the Ma.s.sachusetts Bay_.
"The subscribers beg leave to report to your Honorable House (which we do in justice to the character of so brave a man), that, under our own observation, we declare that a negro man called Salem Poor, of Col. Frye's regiment, Capt. Ames'
company, in the late battle at Charlestown, behaved like an experienced officer, as well as an excellent soldier. To set forth particulars of his conduct would be tedious. We would only beg leave to say, in the person of this said negro centres a brave and gallant soldier. The reward due to so great and distinguished a character, we submit to the Congress.
JONA. BREWER, Col. | ELIPHALET BODWELL, Sgt.
THOMAS NIXON, Lt.-Col. | JOSIAH FOSTER, Lieut.
WM. PRESCOTT, Col. | EBENR. VARNUM, 2d Lieut.
EPHm. COREY, Lieut. | WM. HUDSON BALLARD, Cpt.
JOSEPH BAKER, Lieut. | WILLIAM SMITH, Cap.
JOSHUA ROW, Lieut. | JOHN MORTON, Sergt.[?]
JONAS RICHARDSON, Capt. | Lieut. RICHARD WELSH.
"CAMBRIDGE, Dec. 5, 1775.
"In Council, Dec. 21, 1775.--Read, and sent down.
"PEREZ MORTON, _Dep'y Sec'y._"[582]
How many other Negro soldiers behaved with cool and determined valor at Bunker Hill, it is not possible to know. But many were there; they did their duty as faithful men, and their achievements are the heritage of the free of all colors under our one flag. Col. Trumbull, an artist as well as a soldier, who was stationed at Roxbury, witnessed the engagement from that elevation. Inspired by the scene, when it was yet fresh in his mind, he painted the historic picture of the battle in 1786. He represents several Negroes in good view, while conspicuous in the foreground is the redoubtable Peter Salem. Some subsequent artists--mere copyists--have sought to consign this black hero to oblivion, but 'tis vain. Although the monument at Bunker Hill "does not bear his name, the pencil of the artist has portrayed the scene, the pen of the impartial historian has recorded his achievement, and the voice of the eloquent orator has resounded his valor."
Major Samuel Lawrence "at one time commanded a company whose rank and file were all Negroes, of whose courage, military discipline, and fidelity he always spoke with respect. On one occasion, being out reconnoitring with this company, he got so far in advance of his command, that he was surrounded, and on the point of being made prisoner by the enemy. The men, soon discovering his peril, rushed to his rescue, and fought with the most determined bravery till that rescue was effectually secured. He never forgot this circ.u.mstance, and ever after took especial pains to show kindness and hospitality to any individual of the colored race who came near his dwelling."[583]
Gen. Lee, of the American army, was captured by Col. Harcourt of the British army. It was regarded as a very distressing event; and preparations were made to capture a British officer of the same rank, so an exchange could be effected. Col. Barton of the Rhode-Island militia, a brave and cautious officer, was charged with the capture of Major-Gen. Prescott, commanding the royal army at Newport. On the night of the 9th of July, 1777, Col. Barton, with forty men, in two boats with m.u.f.fled oars, evaded the enemy's boats, and, being taken for the sentries at Prescott's head-quarters, effected that officer's capture--a Negro taking him. The exploit was bold and successful.
"They landed about five miles from Newport, and three-quarters of a mile from the house, which they
"A single sentinel at the door saw and hailed the Colonel; he answered by exclaiming against, and inquiring for, rebel prisoners, but kept slowly advancing. The sentinel again challenged him, and required the countersign. He said he had not the countersign, but amused the sentry by talking about rebel prisoners, and still advancing till he came within reach of the bayonet, which, he presenting, the Colonel suddenly struck aside and seized him. He was immediately secured, and ordered to be silent, on pain of instant death.
_Meanwhile, the rest of the men surrounding the house, the negro, with his head, at the second stroke forced a pa.s.sage into it, and then into the landlord's apartment. The landlord at first refused to give the necessary intelligence; but, on the prospect of present death he pointed to the General's chamber, which being instantly opened by the negro's head, the Colonel calling the General by name, told him he was a prisoner_."[584]
Another account was published by a surgeon of the army, and is given here:--
"_Albany_, Aug. 3, 1777.--The pleasing information is received here that Lieut.-Col. Barton, of the Rhode-Island militia, planned a bold exploit for the purpose of surprising and taking Major-Gen. Prescott, the commanding officer of the royal army at Newport. Taking with him, in the night, about forty men, in two boats, with oars m.u.f.fled, he had the address to elude the vigilance of the s.h.i.+ps-of-war and guard-boats: and, having arrived undiscovered at the quarters of Gen. Prescott, they were taken for the sentinels; and the general was not alarmed till his captors were at the door of his lodging-chamber, which was fast closed. _A negro man, named Prince, instantly thrust his beetle head through the panel door; and seized his victim while in bed...._ This event is extremely honorable to the enterprising spirit of Col. Barton, and is considered as ample retaliation for the capture of Gen. Lee by Col. Harcourt. The event occasions great joy and exultation, as it puts in our possession an officer of equal rank with Gen. Lee, by which means an exchange may be obtained. Congress resolved that an elegant sword should be presented to Col. Barton for his brave exploit."[585]
Col. Barton evidently entertained great respect for the valor and trustworthiness of the Negro soldier whom he made the chief actor in a most hazardous undertaking. It was the post of honor; and the Negro soldier Prince discharged the duty a.s.signed him in a manner that was entirely satisfactory to his superior officer, and crowned as one of the most daring and brilliant _coups d'etat_ of the American Revolution.
The battle of Rhode Island, fought on the 29th of August, 1778, was one of the severest of the Revolution. Newport was laid under siege by the British. Their s.h.i.+ps-of-war moved up the bay on the morning of the action, and opened a galling fire upon the exposed right flank of the American army; while the Hessian columns, stretching across a chain of the "highland," attempted to turn Gen. Greene's flank, and storm the advanced redoubt. The heavy cannonading that had continued since nine in the morning was now accompanied by heavy skirmis.h.i.+ng; and the action began to be general all along the lines. The American army was disposed in three lines of battle; the first extended in front of their earthworks on b.u.t.t's Hill, the second in rear of the hill, and the third as reserve a half-mile in the rear of the advance line. At ten o'clock the battle was at white heat. The British vessels kept up a fire that greatly annoyed the Americans, but imparted courage to the Hessians and British infantry. At length the foot columns ma.s.sed, and swept down the slopes of Anthony's Hill with the impetuosity of a whirlwind. But the American columns received them with the intrepidity and coolness of veterans. The loss of the enemy was fearful.
"Sixty were found dead in one spot. At another, thirty Hessians were buried in one grave. Major-Gen. Greene commanded on the right. Of the four brigades under his immediate command, Varnum's, Glover's, Cornell's and Greene's, all suffered severely, but Gen. Varnum's perhaps the most. A third time the enemy, with desperate courage and increased strength, attempted to a.s.sail the redoubt, and would have carried it but for the timely aid of two continental battalions despatched by Sullivan to support his almost exhausted troops. It was in repelling these furious onsets, that the newly raised black regiment, under Col.
Greene, distinguished itself by deeds of desperate valor.
Posted behind a thicket in the valley, they three times drove back the Hessians who charged repeatedly down the hill to dislodge them; and so determined were the enemy in these successive charges, that the day after the battle the Hessian colonel, upon whom this duty had devolved, applied to exchange his command and go to New York, because he dared not lead his regiment again to battle, lest his men should shoot him for having caused them so much loss."[586]
A few years later the Marquis de Chastellux, writing of this regiment, said,--
"The 5th [of January, 1781] I did not set out till eleven, although I had thirty miles' journey to Lebanon. At the pa.s.sage to the ferry, I met with a detachment of the Rhode-Island regiment, the same corps we had with us all the last summer, but they have since been recruited and clothed. The greatest part of them are negroes or mulattoes; but they are strong, robust men, and those I have seen had a very good appearance.'"[587]
On the 14th of May, 1781, the gallant Col. Greene was surprised and murdered at Point's Bridge, New York, but it was not effected until his brave black soldiers had been cut to pieces in defending their leader. It was one of the most touching and beautiful incidents of the war, and ill.u.s.trates the self-sacrificing devotion of Negro soldiers to the cause of American liberty.
At a meeting of the Congregational and Presbyterian Anti-Slavery Society, at Francestown, N.H., the Rev. Dr. Harris, himself a Revolutionary soldier, spoke thus complimentarily of the Rhode-Island Negro regiment:--
"Yes, a regiment of _negroes_, fighting for _our_ liberty and independence,--not a white man among them but the officers,--stationed in this same dangerous and responsible position. Had they been unfaithful, or driven away before the enemy, all would have been lost. _Three times in succession_ were they attacked, with most desperate valor and fury, by well disciplined and veteran troops, and _three times_ did they successfully repel the a.s.sault, and thus preserve our army from capture. They fought through the war.
They were brave, hardy troops. They helped to gain our liberty and independence."
From the opening to the closing scene of the Revolutionary War; from the death of Pitcairn to the surrender of Cornwallis; on many fields of strife and triumph, of splendid valor and republican glory; from the hazy dawn of unequal and uncertain conflict, to the bright morn of profound peace; through and out of the fires of a great war that gave birth to a new, a grand republic,--the Negro soldier fought his way to undimmed glory, and made for himself a magnificent record in the annals of American history. Those annals have long since been committed to the jealous care of the loyal citizens of the Republic black men fought so heroically to s.n.a.t.c.h from the iron clutches of Britain.
FOOTNOTES:
[578] Bancroft, vol. vii., 6th ed., p. 421.
[579] An Historical Research, p. 93.
[580] History of Leicester, p. 267.
[581] Orations and Speeches of Everett, vol. iii. p. 529.
[582] MS. Archives of Ma.s.sachusetts, vol. clx.x.x, p. 241.
[583] Memoir of Samuel Lawrence, by Rev. S.K. Lothrop, D.D., pp. 8, 9.
[584] Frank Moore's Diary of the American Revolution, vol. i. p. 468.
[585] Thatcher's Military Journal, p. 87.
[586] Arnold's History of Rhode Island, vol. ii. pp. 427, 428.
[587] Chastellux' Travels, vol. i. p. 454; London, 1789.
CHAPTER XXVIII.
LEGAL STATUS OF THE NEGRO DURING THE REVOLUTION.
1775-1783.
THE NEGRO WAS CHATTEL OR REAL PROPERTY.--HIS LEGAL STATUS DURING HIS NEW RELATION AS A SOLDIER.--RESOLUTION INTRODUCED IN THE Ma.s.sACHUSETTS HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES TO PREVENT THE SELLING OF TWO NEGROES CAPTURED UPON THE HIGH SEAS.--THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS APPOINTS A COMMITTEE TO CONSIDER WHAT SHOULD BE DONE WITH NEGROES TAKEN IN VESSELS OF WAR IN THE SERVICE OF THE UNITED COLONIES.--CONFEDERATION OF THE NEW STATES.--SPIRITED DEBATE IN CONGRESS RESPECTING THE DISPOSAL OF RECAPTURES.--THE SPANISH s.h.i.+P "VICTORIA" CAPTURES AN ENGLISH VESSEL HAVING ON BOARD THIRTY FOUR NEGROES TAKEN FROM SOUTH CAROLINA--THE NEGROES RECAPTURED BY VESSELS BELONGING TO THE STATE OF Ma.s.sACHUSETTS.--THEY ARE DELIVERED TO THOMAS KNOX, AND CONVEYED TO CASTLE ISLAND.--COL. PAUL REVERE HAS CHARGE OF THE SLAVES ON CASTLE ISLAND.--Ma.s.sACHUSETTS Pa.s.sES A LAW PROVIDING FOR THE SECURITY, SUPPORT, AND EXCHANGE OF PRISONERS BROUGHT INTO THE STATE.--GEN. HANc.o.c.k RECEIVES A LETTER FROM THE GOVERNOR OF SOUTH CAROLINA RESPECTING THE DETENTION OF NEGROES.--IN THE PROVINCIAL ARTICLES BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND HIS BRITANNIC MAJESTY, NEGROES WERE RATED AS PROPERTY.--AND ALSO IN THE DEFINITE TREATY OF PEACE BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND HIS BRITANNIC MAJESTY.--AND ALSO IN THE TREATY OF PEACE OF 1814, BETWEEN HIS BRITANNIC MAJESTY AND THE UNITED STATES, NEGROES WERE DESIGNATED AS PROPERTY.--GEN. WAs.h.i.+NGTON'S LETTER TO BRIG. GEN. RUFUS PUTNAM IN REGARD TO A NEGRO IN HIS REGIMENT CLAIMED BY MR.
HOBBY.--ENLISTMENT IN THE ARMY DID NOT ALWAYS WORK A PRACTICAL EMANc.i.p.aTION.
When the Revolutionary War began, the legal status of the Negro slave was clearly defined in the courts of all the colonies. He was either chattel or real property. The question naturally arose as to his legal status during his new relation as a soldier. Could he be taken as property, or as a prisoner of war? Was he booty, or was he ent.i.tled to the usage of civilized warfare,--a freeman, and therefore to be treated as such?