Chapter 37
[137:2] Not a _worldly Messiah_, as the Jews looked for, but an _Angel-Messiah_, such an one as always came at the end of a _cycle_. We shall treat of this subject anon, when we answer the question _why_ Jesus was believed to be an _Avatar_, by the Gentiles, and not by the Jews; why, in fact, the doctrine of _Christ incarnate_ in Jesus succeeded and prospered.
[137:3] "This strong expression might be justified by the language of St. Paul (_G.o.d_ was manifest in the flesh, justified in the spirit, seen of angels, &c. I. Timothy, iii. 16), but we are deceived by our modern Bibles. The word _which_ was altered to _G.o.d_ at Constantinople in the beginning of the sixth century: the true meaning, which is visible in the Latin and Syriac versions, still exists in the reasoning of the Greek, as well as of the Latin fathers; and this fraud, with that of the _three witnesses of St. John_ (I. John, v. 7), is admirably detected by Sir Isaac Newton." (Gibbon's Rome, iv. 496, _note_.) _Dean Milman_ says: "The weight of authority is so much against the common reading of both these points (_i. e._, I. Tim. iii. 16, and I. John, v. 7), that they are no longer urged by prudent controversialists." (Note in Ibid.)
[138:1] Gibbon's Rome, vol. iv. pp. 492-497.
[138:2] See Chambers's Encyclopaedia, art. "Apollinaris."
[138:3] Gibbon's Rome, vol. iv. p. 498.
[138:4] That is, separate _him_ from G.o.d the Father, by saying that _he_, Jesus of Nazareth, was _not_ really and truly G.o.d Almighty himself in human form.
[139:1] See Gibbon's Rome, vol. iv. p. 516.
CHAPTER XIII.
THE STAR OF BETHLEHEM.
Being born in a miraculous manner, as other great personages had been, it was necessary that the miracles attending the births of these virgin-born G.o.ds should be added to the history of Christ Jesus, otherwise the legend would not be complete.
The first which we shall notice is the story of the _star_ which is said to have heralded his birth, and which was designated "_his_ star." It is related by the _Matthew_ narrator as follows:[140:1]
"When Jesus was born in Bethlehem, of Judea, in the days of Herod the king, behold, there came wise men from the east to Jerusalem, saying: 'Where is he that is born King of the Jews?
for we have seen _his star_ in the east, and are come to wors.h.i.+p him.'"
Herod the king, having heard these things, he privately called the wise men, and inquired of them what time the star appeared, at the same time sending them to Bethlehem to search diligently for the young child. The wise men, accordingly, departed and went on their way towards Bethlehem.
"The star which they saw in the east went before them, till it came _and stood over_ where the young child was."
The general legendary character of this narrative--its similarity in style with those contained in the apocryphal gospels--and more especially its conformity with those _astrological notions_ which, though prevalent in the time of the Matthew narrator, have been exploded by the sounder scientific knowledge of our days--all unite to stamp upon the story the impress of poetic or mythic fiction.
The fact that the writer of this story speaks not of _a star_ but of _his star_, shows that it was the popular belief of the people among whom he lived, that each and every person was born under a star, and that this one which had been seen was _his star_.
All ancient nations were very superst.i.tious in regard to the influence of the stars upon human affairs, and this ridiculous idea has been handed down, in some places, even to the present day. Dr. Hooykaas, speaking on this subject, says:
"In ancient times the Jews, like other peoples, might very well believe that there was some immediate connection between the stars and the life of man--an idea which we still preserve in the forms of speech that so-and-so was born under a lucky or under an evil star. They might therefore suppose that the birth of great men, such as Abraham, for instance, was announced in the heavens. In our century, however, if not before, all serious belief in astrology has ceased, and it would be regarded as an act of the grossest superst.i.tion for any one to have his horoscope drawn; for the course, the appearance and the disappearance of the heavenly bodies have been long determined with mathematical precision by science."[141:1]
The Rev. Dr. Geikie says, in his _Life of Christ_:[141:2]
"The Jews had already, long before Christ's day, dabbled in astrology, and the various forms of magic which became connected with it.... They were much given to cast horoscopes from the numerical value of a name. Everywhere throughout the whole Roman Empire, Jewish magicians, dream expounders, and sorcerers, were found.
"'The life and portion of children,'
The moment of every man's birth being supposed to determine every circ.u.mstance in his life, it was only necessary to find out in what mode the _celestial bodies_--supposed to be the primary wheels to the universal machine--operated at that moment, in order to discover all that would happen to him afterward.
The regularity of the risings and settings of the fixed stars, though it announced the changes of the seasons and the orderly variations of nature, could not be adapted to the capricious mutability of human actions, fortunes, and adventures: wherefore the astrologers had recourse to the planets, whose more complicated revolutions offered more varied and more extended combinations. Their different returns to certain points of the Zodiac, their relative positions and conjunctions with each other, were supposed to influence the affairs of men; whence daring impostors presumed to foretell, not only the destinies of individuals, but also the rise and fall of empires, and the fate of the world itself.[141:3]
The inhabitants of _India_ are, and have always been, very superst.i.tious concerning the stars. The Rev. D. O. Allen, who resided in India for twenty-five years, and who undoubtedly became thoroughly acquainted with the superst.i.tions of the inhabitants, says on this subject:
"So strong are the superst.i.tious feelings of many, concerning the supposed influence of the stars on human affairs, that some days are _lucky_, and others again are _unlucky_, that no arguments or promises would induce them to deviate from the course which these _stars_, signs, &c., indicate, as the way of safety, prosperity, and happiness. The evils and inconveniences of these superst.i.tions and prejudices are among the things that press heavily upon the people of India."[142:1]
The _Nakshatias_--twenty-seven constellations which in Indian astronomy separate the moon's path into twenty-seven divisions, as the signs of the Zodiac do that of the sun into twelve--are regarded as deities who exert a vast influence on the destiny of men, not only at the moment of their entrance into the world, but during their whole pa.s.sage through it. These formidable constellations are consulted at births, marriages, and on all occasions of family rejoicing, distress or calamity. No one undertakes a journey or any important matter except on days which the aspect of the Nakshatias renders lucky and auspicious. If any constellation is unfavorable, it must by all means be propitiated by a ceremony called S'anti.
The _Chinese_ were very superst.i.tious concerning the stars. They annually published astronomical calculations of the motions of the planets, for every hour and minute of the year. They considered it important to be very exact, because the hours, and even the minutes, are lucky or unlucky, according to the aspect of the stars. Some days were considered peculiarly fortunate for marrying, or beginning to build a house; and the G.o.ds are better pleased with sacrifice offered at certain hours than they are with the same ceremony performed at other times.[142:2]
The ancient _Persians_ were also great astrologers, and held the stars in great reverence. They believed and taught that the destinies of men were intimately connected with their motions, and therefore it was important to know under the influence of what star a human soul made its advent into this world. Astrologers swarmed throughout the country, and were consulted upon all important occasions.[142:3]
The ancient _Egyptians_ were exactly the same in this respect. According to Champollion, the tomb of Ramses V., at Thebes, contains tables of the constellations, and of their influence on human beings, for every hour of every month of the year.[142:4]
The Buddhists' sacred books relate that the birth of _Buddha_ was announced in the heavens by an _asterim_ which was seen rising on the horizon. It is called the "_Messianic star_."[143:1]
The Fo-pen-hing says:
"The time of Bodhisatwa's incarnation is, when the constellation _Kwei_ is in conjunction with the Sun."[143:2]
"Wise men," known as "Holy Ris.h.i.+s," were informed by these celestial signs that the Messiah was born.[143:3]
In the _Ramayana_ (one of the sacred books of the Hindoos) the horoscope of Rama's birth is given. He is said to have been born on the 9th t.i.thi of the month Caitra. _The planet Jupiter_ figured at his birth; it being in Cancer at that time.[143:4] Rama was an incarnation of Vishnu. When _Crishna_ was born "_his stars_" were to be seen in the heavens. They were pointed out by one Nared, a great prophet and astrologer.[143:5]
Without going through the list, we can say that the birth of every Indian _Avatar_ was foretold by _celestial signs_.[143:6]
The same myth is to be found in the legends of China. Among others they relate that a star figured at the birth of _Yu_, the founder of the first dynasty which reigned in China,[143:7] who--as we saw in the last chapter--was of heavenly origin, having been born of a virgin. It is also said that a star figured at the birth of _Laou-tsze_, the Chinese sage.[143:8]
In the legends of the Jewish patriarchs and prophets, it is stated that a _brilliant star_ shone at the time of the birth of _Moses_. It was seen by the _Magi_ of Egypt, who immediately informed the king.[143:9]
When _Abraham_ was born "_his star_" shone in the heavens, if we may believe the popular legends, and its brilliancy outshone all the other stars.[143:10] Rabbinic traditions relate the following:
"Abraham was the son of Terah, general of Nimrod's army. He was born at Ur of the Chaldees 1948 years after the Creation.
On the night of his birth, Terah's friends--among whom were many of Nimrod's councillors and soothsayers--were feasting in his house. On leaving, late at night, _they observed an unusual star in the east_, it seemed to run from one quarter of the heavens to the other, and to devour four stars which were there. All amazed in astonishment at this wondrous sight, 'Truly,' said they, '_this can signify nothing else but that Terah's new-born son will become great and powerful_.'"[144:1]
It is also related that Nimrod, in a dream, saw a star rising above the horizon, which was very brilliant. The soothsayers being consulted in regard to it, foretold that a child was born who would become a great prince.[144:2]
A brilliant star, which eclipsed all the other stars, was also to be seen at the birth of the Caesars; in fact, as Canon Farrar remarks, "The Greeks and Romans had _always_ considered that the births and deaths of great men were symbolized by the appearance and disappearance of heavenly bodies, and the same belief has continued down to comparatively modern times."[144:3]
Tacitus, the Roman historian, speaking of the reign of the Emperor Nero, says:
"A comet having appeared, in this juncture, the phenomenon, according to the _popular opinion_, announced that governments were to be changed, and kings dethroned. In the imaginations of men, Nero was already dethroned, and who should be his successor was the question."[144:4]
According to Moslem authorities, the birth of _Ali_--Mohammed's great disciple, and the chief of one of the two princ.i.p.al sects into which Islam is divided--was foretold by celestial signs. "A light was distinctly visible, resembling a bright column, extending from the earth to the firmament."[144:5] Even during the reign of the Emperor Hadrian, a hundred years after the time a.s.signed for the death of Jesus, a certain Jew who gave himself out as the "_Messiah_,"
and headed the last great insurrection of his country, a.s.sumed the name of _Bar-Cochba_--that is, "_Son of a Star_."[144:6]
This myth evidently extended to the New World, as we find that the symbol of _Quetzalcoatle_, the virgin-born Saviour, was the "_Morning Star_."[144:7]
We see, then, that among the ancients there seems to have been a very general idea that the birth of a great person would be announced by a star. The Rev. Dr. Geikie, who maintains to his utmost the truth of the Gospel narrative, is yet constrained to admit that:
"It was, indeed, universally believed, that extraordinary events, especially the birth and death of great men, were heralded by appearances of stars, and still more of comets, or by conjunctions of the heavenly bodies."[145:1]