Chapter 110
Everyone is pleased when his friends are honored. Who is not glad to hear his parents praised or see them respected? By praying to the saints, instead of dishonoring G.o.d--as Protestants say we do--we really honor Him more than by praying directly to Himself We show that we believe in His great dignity, His awful majesty and our own nothingness.
If a poor person wanted to obtain a favor from the President of the United States, would he go directly to the President himself? No. He would find someone who had influence with the President, and ask him to obtain the favor. Why, the very persons that say we should not use the influence of saints do themselves use the influence of others to obtain favors. They never go to an enemy of the one from whom they desire the favor, but to some of his friends, knowing that a person will often grant a favor for a friend's sake that he would not grant for the sake of others. Now we do exactly the same when we pray to the saints. They are the special friends of G.o.d. They fasted, prayed, preached, labored, or suffered death for His honor and glory. He showed them great favors while they were upon earth. He performed miracles at their request. Will He deny them now, when they are always present with Him in Heaven--where they could not possibly sin? He loves to grant them favors; and, as they do not need any for themselves, He grants them for others through their intercession. Again men are honored by the praises of their fellowman. A great general is honored by having all his countrymen praise him; so, too, G.o.d wants His saints honored, for their great spiritual deeds, by the praise of the children of the Church. G.o.d is not annoyed by being asked for favors. Nothing can trouble Him, for all is done by an act of His will. He loses nothing by giving, for He is infinite. By praying to the saints for help we confess that we are too unworthy to present ourselves to G.o.d and address Him--to come before His awful Majesty, and that we will wait here in the humble att.i.tude of prayer while you, holy saints, His dearest friends, go into His presence and ask for us the favors and graces we require.
332 Q. Does the First Commandment forbid us to pray to the saints?
A. The First Commandment does not forbid us to pray to the saints.
We do not pray to them as to G.o.d. We never say to them, "Give us this or that," but always, "Obtain it for us." In all the litanies you cannot find one pet.i.tion where we say, even to the Blessed Virgin: "Have mercy on us," but, "Pray for us," or, "Intercede for us."
333 Q. What do we mean by praying to the saints?
A. By praying to the saints we mean the asking of their help and prayers.
*334 Q. How do we know that the saints hear us?
A. We know that the saints hear us, because they are with G.o.d, who makes our prayers known to them.
*335 Q. Why do we believe that the saints will help us?
A. We believe that the saints will help us because both they and we are members of the same Church, and they love us as their brethren.
*336 Q. How are the saints and we members of the same Church?
A. The saints and we are members of the same Church, because the Church in Heaven and the Church on earth are one and the same Church, and all its members are in communion with one another.
*337 Q. What is the communion of the members of the Church called?
A. The communion of the members of the Church is called the communion of saints.
*338 Q. What does the communion of saints mean?
A. The communion of saints means the union which exists between the members of the Church on earth with one another and with the blessed in Heaven and with the suffering souls in Purgatory.
*339 Q. What benefits are derived from the communion of saints?
A. The following benefits are derived from the communion of saints: the faithful on earth a.s.sist one another by their prayers and good works, and they are aided by the intercession of the saints in Heaven, while both the saints in Heaven and the faithful on earth help the souls in Purgatory.
340 Q. Does the First Commandment forbid us to honor relics?
A. The First Commandment does not forbid us to honor relics, because relics are the bodies of the saints or objects directly connected with them or with Our Lord.
"Relic" means a thing left. Relics are pieces of the body--bones, etc.
Pieces of saints' clothing, writing, etc., are also called relics.
Pieces of the True Cross, the nails that pierced Christ's hands, etc., are relics of Our Lord's Pa.s.sion. We have no relic of Our Lord's Body because He took it into Heaven with Him when He ascended. All relics of the saints must be examined at Rome, by those whom the Holy Father has appointed for that work. They must be marked and accompanied by the testimony of the Cardinals, or others who examined them, to show that they are true relics. It would be superst.i.tious to use anything as a relic unless we were sure of its being genuine.
341 Q. Does the First Commandment forbid the making of images?
A. The First Commandment does forbid the making of images if they are made to be adored as G.o.ds, but it does not forbid the making of them to put us in mind of Jesus Christ, His Blessed Mother, and the saints.
Protestants and others say that Catholics break the First Commandment by having images in their churches, because the First Commandment says: "Thou shalt not make graven images or the likeness of anything upon the earth," etc. Now, if that is exactly what the Commandment means, then they break it also, because they make the images of generals, statesmen, writers, etc., and place them in their parks. They also take photographs of their relatives and friends and hang them on the walls of their homes. They do this, they say, and we believe them, to show their respect and veneration for the persons represented, and not to wors.h.i.+p their images. Now we do no more. We simply place in our churches the images of saints to show our respect and veneration for the persons they represent, and not to wors.h.i.+p the images themselves. So if we break the First Commandment, they who make any picture or statue break it also.
Can our accusers not see that they and every citizen do the very thing for which they reproach us? On Decoration Day they place flowers around the statue of Was.h.i.+ngton and other great men. Does anyone believe that they are trying to honor the piece of metal or stone, or that the metal or stone statue knows that it is being honored? Certainly not. They do so to honor Was.h.i.+ngton or whomsoever the statue represents; and for
Again we may learn our religion by our sight as well as by our hearing, and may be led by these visible objects to a knowledge of the invisible things they represent. Let us take an example. A poor ignorant man enters a Catholic church, and sees hanging there a picture of St.
Vincent de Paul. He can learn the life of the saint from that picture almost as well as if he read it in a book. He sees the saint dressed in a ca.s.sock, and that tells him St. Vincent was a priest. He sees him surrounded by little ragged children and holding some of them in his arms; that tells him the saint took care of poor children and orphans, and founded homes and asylums for them. He sees on the saint's table a human skull, and that tells him St. Vincent frequently meditated upon death and what follows it. He sees beside the skull a little lash or whip, and that tells him the saint was a man who practiced penance and mortification. Thus you have another reason why the true Church is very properly called Catholic; because its teaching suits all cla.s.ses of persons. The ignorant can know what it teaches as well as the learned; for if they cannot read they can listen to its priests, watch its ceremonies, and study its pictures, by all of which it teaches. The Protestant religion, on the contrary, is not adapted to the needs of every cla.s.s, for it teaches that all must find their doctrines in the Bible, and understand them according to their lights, giving their own interpretation to the pa.s.sages of the sacred text; and thus we come to have a variety of Protestant denominations, all claiming the Bible for their guide, though following different paths. If every Protestant has the right to take his own meaning out of the Holy Scripture, what right have Protestant ministers to preach the meaning they have found, and compel others to accept it? The Bible alone is not sufficient. It must be explained by the Church that teaches us also the traditions that have come down to us from the Apostles. If the Bible alone were the rule of our faith, what would become of all those who could not read the Bible?
What would become of those who lived before the Apostles wrote the New Testament? for they did not write in the first years of their ministry, neither did they commit to writing all the truths they taught, because Our Lord did not command them to write, but to preach; and He Himself never wrote any of His doctrines. Again Catholics are accused of superst.i.tion for keeping the relics of saints. Yet when General Grant died and was buried in New York, many citizens of every denomination, anxious to have a relic of the great man they loved and admired, secured, even at a cost, small pieces of wood from his house, of cloth from his funeral car, a few leaves or a little sand from his tomb. Now, if it was not superst.i.tion to keep these relics, why should it be superst.i.tion to keep the relics of the saints?
Even G.o.d Himself honored the relics of saints, for He has often performed or granted miracles through their use. We read in the Bible (4 Kings 13:21)--and it is the word of G.o.d--that once some persons who were burying a dead man, seeing their enemies coming upon them, hastily cast the body into a tomb and fled. It was the tomb of the holy prophet Eliseus, and when the dead body touched the bones of this great servant of G.o.d, the dead man came to life and stood erect. Here is at least one miracle that G.o.d performed through the relics of a saint.
G.o.d does not forbid the mere making of images, but only the making of them as G.o.ds. He gave the Commandments to Moses and afterwards told him to make images; namely, angels of gold for the temple. (Ex. 25:18). Now, G.o.d does not change His mind or contradict Himself as men do. Whatever He does is done forever. Therefore if He commanded Moses by the First Commandment not to make any images, He could not tell him later to make some. It is not the mere making, therefore, that G.o.d forbids, but the adoring. What He insists upon is: "You shall not adore or serve the images you make." This is very clear if we consider the history of the Israelites, to whom G.o.d first gave the law. They were the only nation in the whole world that knew and wors.h.i.+pped the true G.o.d, and often, as I told you, they fell into idolatry and really wors.h.i.+pped images. When Moses delayed on the mountain with G.o.d, and they thought he was not coming back, they made a golden calf and adored it as a G.o.d. (Ex. 32).
The Israelites fell into idolatry chiefly by a.s.sociating with persons not of the true religion. Let us learn from their sins never to run the risk of weakening or losing our faith by making bosom friends and steady companions of those not of the true religion or of no religion at all.
You are not, however, to treat any person with contempt or to despise anyone, but to look upon all as the children of G.o.d, and pray for those not of the true religion, that they may be converted and saved.
342 Q. Is it right to show respect to the pictures and images of Christ and His saints?
A. It is right to show respect to the pictures and images of Christ and His saints, because they are the representations and memorials of them.
343 Q. Is it allowed to pray to the crucifix or to the images and relics of the saints?
A. It is not allowed to pray to the crucifix or images and relics of the saints, for they have no life, nor power to help us, nor sense to hear us.
344 Q. Why do we pray before the crucifix and the images and relics of the saints?
A. We pray before the crucifix and the images and relics of the saints because they enliven our devotion by exciting pious affections and desires, and by reminding us of Christ and of the saints, that we may imitate their virtues.
Lesson 32 FROM THE SECOND TO THE FOURTH COMMANDMENT
345 Q. What is the Second Commandment?
A. The Second Commandment is: Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy G.o.d in vain.
"In vain"--that is, without necessity.
346 Q. What are we commanded by the Second Commandment?
A. We are commanded by the Second Commandment to speak with reverence of G.o.d and of the saints, and of all holy things, and to keep our lawful oaths and vows.
A very common sin against this Commandment is to use the words and sayings of Holy Scripture in a worldly or bad sense. The Church forbids us to use the words and sayings of Holy Scripture to convey any meaning but the one G.o.d intended them to convey, or at least to use them in any but a sacred sense.
347 Q. What is an oath?
A. An oath is the calling upon G.o.d to witness the truth of what we say.
We declare a thing to be so or not, and call G.o.d to be our witness that we are speaking truly. This is one of the most solemn acts that men can perform in the presence of their fellowman. All the nations of the earth regard an oath as a most sacred thing, and one who swears falsely is the vilest of men--a perjurer. G.o.d is infinite truth and hates lies. What a frightful thing then to call Him to sanction a lie!
*348 Q. When may we take an oath?
A. We may take an oath when it is ordered by lawful authority or required for G.o.d's honor or for our own or our neighbor's good.
An oath is generally taken in a court of law when the judge wishes to find out the truth of the case. We may be a witness against one who is guilty, or in defense of an innocent person, and in such cases a lie would have most evil consequences. The judge has a right, therefore, to make us take an oath that we will testify truly. Officers of the law, magistrates, judges, etc., take an oath when entering upon their duties that they will perform them faithfully.
*349 Q. What is necessary to make an oath lawful?
A. To make an oath lawful it is necessary that what we swear be true, and that there be a sufficient cause for taking an oath.
350 Q. What is a vow?
A. A vow is a deliberate promise made to G.o.d to do something that is pleasing to Him.
"Deliberate"--that is, with full consent and freedom. If we are forced to make it, it is not valid. "To G.o.d," not to another; though we may vow to G.o.d that we will do something in honor of the Blessed Virgin, or of the saints, or for another. "Something pleasing," because if we promise something that is forbidden by G.o.d or displeasing to Him, it is not a vow. A solemn promise, for instance, to kill your neighbor or steal his goods could not be a vow. You would commit a sin by making such a vow, and another by keeping it, for if you promise something you cannot do without committing sin then you must not keep that promise. We have an example in the life of St. John the Baptist. King Herod was leading a sinful life, and St. John rebuked him for it. The wife of the king's brother--Herodias was her name--hated St. John for this, and she sought to have him killed. Once when the king had a great feast and all his notables were a.s.sembled, this woman's daughter danced before them, and the king was so pleased with her that he vowed to give her whatever she asked. He should have said, if it is something pleasing to G.o.d, but he did not. Her mother made her ask for the head of John the Baptist. The king was sad, but because he had made the vow or promise he thought he had to keep it, and ordered St. John to be beheaded and his head brought to her. (Matt. 14). He was not bound to keep any such vow, and sinned by doing so.
Again, they also commit sin who become members of such secret societies as the freemasons or similar organizations, promising to do whatever they are ordered without knowing what may be ordered; for they sin not only by obeying sinful commands, but by the very fact of being in a society in which they are exposed to the danger of being forced to sin.
Such secret societies are forbidden by the Church because they strive to undermine its authority, and make their rules superior to its teaching.
They also influence those in authority to persecute the Church and its ministers, and do not hesitate to recommend even a.s.sa.s.sination at times for the accomplishment of their ends. Therefore the Church forbids Catholics to join societies of which (1) the objects are unlawful, (2) where the means used are sinful, or (3) where the rights of our conscience and liberty are violated by rash or dangerous oaths.
The Church does not oppose a.s.sociations founded on law and justice; but on the contrary, has always encouraged and still encourages every organization that tends to benefit its members spiritually and temporally, and opposes only societies that have not a legitimate end.